gh-130519: Fix crash in QSBR when destructor reenters QSBR (gh-130553)

The `free_work_item()` function in QSBR may call arbitrary code via
Python object destructors, which may reenter the QSBR code. Reorder
the processing of work items to be robust to reentrancy.

Also fix the TODO for the out of memory situation.

Include/internal/pycore_pymem.h

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ extern void _PyMem_FreeDelayed(void *ptr);
 
 // Enqueue an object to be freed possibly after some delay
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
-extern void _PyObject_XDecRefDelayed(PyObject *obj);
+PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_XDecRefDelayed(PyObject *obj);
 #else
 static inline void _PyObject_XDecRefDelayed(PyObject *obj)
 {

Lib/test/test_capi/test_object.py

@@ -210,5 +210,18 @@ def test_decref_freed_object(self):
         """
         self.check_negative_refcount(code)
 
+    def test_decref_delayed(self):
+        # gh-130519: Test that _PyObject_XDecRefDelayed() and QSBR code path
+        # handles destructors that are possibly re-entrant or trigger a GC.
+        import gc
+
+        class MyObj:
+            def __del__(self):
+                gc.collect()
+
+        for _ in range(1000):
+            obj = MyObj()
+            _testinternalcapi.incref_decref_delayed(obj)
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

Modules/_testinternalcapi.c

@@ -1995,6 +1995,13 @@ is_static_immortal(PyObject *self, PyObject *op)
     Py_RETURN_FALSE;
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+incref_decref_delayed(PyObject *self, PyObject *op)
+{
+    _PyObject_XDecRefDelayed(Py_NewRef(op));
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
 static PyMethodDef module_functions[] = {
     {"get_configs", get_configs, METH_NOARGS},
     {"get_recursion_depth", get_recursion_depth, METH_NOARGS},
@@ -2089,6 +2096,7 @@ static PyMethodDef module_functions[] = {
     {"has_deferred_refcount", has_deferred_refcount, METH_O},
     {"get_tracked_heap_size", get_tracked_heap_size, METH_NOARGS},
     {"is_static_immortal", is_static_immortal, METH_O},
+    {"incref_decref_delayed", incref_decref_delayed, METH_O},
     {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
 };
 

Objects/obmalloc.c

@@ -1143,10 +1143,16 @@ struct _mem_work_chunk {
     struct _mem_work_item array[WORK_ITEMS_PER_CHUNK];
 };
 
+static int
+work_item_should_decref(uintptr_t ptr)
+{
+    return ptr & 0x01;
+}
+
 static void
 free_work_item(uintptr_t ptr, delayed_dealloc_cb cb, void *state)
 {
-    if (ptr & 0x01) {
+    if (work_item_should_decref(ptr)) {
         PyObject *obj = (PyObject *)(ptr - 1);
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
         if (cb == NULL) {
@@ -1154,7 +1160,7 @@ free_work_item(uintptr_t ptr, delayed_dealloc_cb cb, void *state)
             Py_DECREF(obj);
             return;
         }
-
+        assert(_PyInterpreterState_GET()->stoptheworld.world_stopped);
         Py_ssize_t refcount = _Py_ExplicitMergeRefcount(obj, -1);
         if (refcount == 0) {
             cb(obj, state);
@@ -1180,7 +1186,7 @@ free_delayed(uintptr_t ptr)
     {
         // Free immediately during interpreter shutdown or if the world is
         // stopped.
-        assert(!interp->stoptheworld.world_stopped || !(ptr & 0x01));
+        assert(!interp->stoptheworld.world_stopped || !work_item_should_decref(ptr));
         free_work_item(ptr, NULL, NULL);
         return;
     }
@@ -1207,10 +1213,22 @@ free_delayed(uintptr_t ptr)
 
     if (buf == NULL) {
         // failed to allocate a buffer, free immediately
+        PyObject *to_dealloc = NULL;
         _PyEval_StopTheWorld(tstate->base.interp);
-        // TODO: Fix me
-        free_work_item(ptr, NULL, NULL);
+        if (work_item_should_decref(ptr)) {
+            PyObject *obj = (PyObject *)(ptr - 1);
+            Py_ssize_t refcount = _Py_ExplicitMergeRefcount(obj, -1);
+            if (refcount == 0) {
+                to_dealloc = obj;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            PyMem_Free((void *)ptr);
+        }
         _PyEval_StartTheWorld(tstate->base.interp);
+        if (to_dealloc != NULL) {
+            _Py_Dealloc(to_dealloc);
+        }
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1257,14 +1275,16 @@ process_queue(struct llist_node *head, struct _qsbr_thread_state *qsbr,
     while (!llist_empty(head)) {
         struct _mem_work_chunk *buf = work_queue_first(head);
 
-        while (buf->rd_idx < buf->wr_idx) {
+        if (buf->rd_idx < buf->wr_idx) {
             struct _mem_work_item *item = &buf->array[buf->rd_idx];
             if (!_Py_qsbr_poll(qsbr, item->qsbr_goal)) {
                 return;
             }
 
-            free_work_item(item->ptr, cb, state);
             buf->rd_idx++;
+            // NB: free_work_item may re-enter or execute arbitrary code
+            free_work_item(item->ptr, cb, state);
+            continue;
         }
 
         assert(buf->rd_idx == buf->wr_idx);
@@ -1360,12 +1380,14 @@ _PyMem_FiniDelayed(PyInterpreterState *interp)
     while (!llist_empty(head)) {
         struct _mem_work_chunk *buf = work_queue_first(head);
 
-        while (buf->rd_idx < buf->wr_idx) {
+        if (buf->rd_idx < buf->wr_idx) {
             // Free the remaining items immediately. There should be no other
             // threads accessing the memory at this point during shutdown.
             struct _mem_work_item *item = &buf->array[buf->rd_idx];
-            free_work_item(item->ptr, NULL, NULL);
             buf->rd_idx++;
+            // NB: free_work_item may re-enter or execute arbitrary code
+            free_work_item(item->ptr, NULL, NULL);
+            continue;
         }
 
         llist_remove(&buf->node);