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GH-123299: Copyedit 3.14 What's New: Other Language Changes (#139425)

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@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ and improvements in user-friendliness and correctness.
* :ref:`PEP 750: Template strings <whatsnew314-pep750>` * :ref:`PEP 750: Template strings <whatsnew314-pep750>`
* :ref:`PEP 758: Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses <whatsnew314-pep758>` * :ref:`PEP 758: Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses <whatsnew314-pep758>`
* :ref:`PEP 761: Discontinuation of PGP signatures <whatsnew314-no-more-pgp>` * :ref:`PEP 761: Discontinuation of PGP signatures <whatsnew314-no-more-pgp>`
* :ref:`PEP 765: Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block <whatsnew314-pep765>` * :ref:`PEP 765: Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block <whatsnew314-finally-syntaxwarning>`
* :ref:`Free-threaded mode improvements <whatsnew314-free-threaded-cpython>` * :ref:`Free-threaded mode improvements <whatsnew314-free-threaded-cpython>`
* :ref:`PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface for CPython <whatsnew314-pep768>` * :ref:`PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface for CPython <whatsnew314-pep768>`
* :ref:`PEP 784: Adding Zstandard to the standard library <whatsnew314-pep784>` * :ref:`PEP 784: Adding Zstandard to the standard library <whatsnew314-pep784>`
* :ref:`A new type of interpreter <whatsnew314-tail-call>` * :ref:`A new type of interpreter <whatsnew314-tail-call>`
* :ref:`Syntax highlighting in PyREPL <whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting>`, * :ref:`Syntax highlighting in the default interactive shell <whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting>`,
and color output in :ref:`unittest <whatsnew314-color-unittest>`, and color output in :ref:`unittest <whatsnew314-color-unittest>`,
:ref:`argparse <whatsnew314-color-argparse>`, :ref:`argparse <whatsnew314-color-argparse>`,
:ref:`json <whatsnew314-color-json>` and :ref:`json <whatsnew314-color-json>` and
@ -102,25 +102,6 @@ and improvements in user-friendliness and correctness.
* :ref:`Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler <whatsnew314-jit-compiler>` * :ref:`Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler <whatsnew314-jit-compiler>`
Incompatible changes
====================
On platforms other than macOS and Windows, the default :ref:`start
method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` for :mod:`multiprocessing`
and :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` switches from
*fork* to *forkserver*.
See :ref:`(1) <whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-start-method>` and
:ref:`(2) <whatsnew314-multiprocessing-start-method>` for details.
If you encounter :exc:`NameError`\s or pickling errors coming out of
:mod:`multiprocessing` or :mod:`concurrent.futures`, see the
:ref:`forkserver restrictions <multiprocessing-programming-forkserver>`.
The interpreter avoids some reference count modifications internally when
it's safe to do so. This can lead to different values returned from
:func:`sys.getrefcount` and :c:func:`Py_REFCNT` compared to previous versions
of Python. See :ref:`below <whatsnew314-refcount>` for details.
New features New features
============ ============
@ -751,6 +732,12 @@ Improved error messages
~^^^ ~^^^
TypeError: cannot use 'list' as a dict key (unhashable type: 'list') TypeError: cannot use 'list' as a dict key (unhashable type: 'list')
* Improved error message when an object supporting the synchronous
context manager protocol is entered using :keyword:`async with`
instead of :keyword:`with`,
and vice versa for the asynchronous context manager protocol.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`128398`.)
.. _whatsnew314-pep741: .. _whatsnew314-pep741:
@ -996,26 +983,6 @@ affects other modules that use context variables, such as the :mod:`decimal`
context manager. context manager.
.. _whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting:
Syntax highlighting in PyREPL
-----------------------------
The default :term:`interactive` shell now highlights Python syntax as you
type. The feature is enabled by default unless the
:envvar:`PYTHON_BASIC_REPL` environment is set or any color-disabling
environment variables are used. See :ref:`using-on-controlling-color` for
details.
The default color theme for syntax highlighting strives for good contrast
and uses exclusively the 4-bit VGA standard ANSI color codes for maximum
compatibility. The theme can be customized using an experimental API
``_colorize.set_theme()``. This can be called interactively, as well as
in the :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` script.
(Contributed by Łukasz Langa in :gh:`131507`.)
.. _whatsnew314-jit-compiler: .. _whatsnew314-jit-compiler:
Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler
@ -1058,6 +1025,138 @@ free-threaded build and false for the GIL-enabled build.
(Contributed by Neil Schemenauer and Kumar Aditya in :gh:`130010`.) (Contributed by Neil Schemenauer and Kumar Aditya in :gh:`130010`.)
Platform support
================
* :pep:`776`: Emscripten is now an officially supported platform at
:pep:`tier 3 <11#tier-3>`. As a part of this effort, more than 25 bugs in
`Emscripten libc`__ were fixed. Emscripten now includes support
for :mod:`ctypes`, :mod:`termios`, and :mod:`fcntl`, as well as
experimental support for the new :ref:`default interactive shell
<tut-interactive>`.
(Contributed by R. Hood Chatham in :gh:`127146`, :gh:`127683`, and :gh:`136931`.)
__ https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/emscripten-runtime-environment.html
* iOS and macOS apps can now be configured to redirect ``stdout`` and
``stderr`` content to the system log.
(Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in :gh:`127592`.)
* The iOS testbed is now able to stream test output while the test is running.
The testbed can also be used to run the test suite of projects other than
CPython itself.
(Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in :gh:`127592`.)
Other language changes
======================
* All Windows code pages are now supported as 'cpXXX' codecs on Windows.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`123803`.)
* Implement mixed-mode arithmetic rules combining real and complex numbers
as specified by the C standard since C99.
(Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`69639`.)
* More syntax errors are now detected regardless of optimisation and
the :option:`-O` command-line option.
This includes writes to ``__debug__``, incorrect use of :keyword:`await`,
and asynchronous comprehensions outside asynchronous functions.
For example, ``python -O -c 'assert (__debug__ := 1)'``
or ``python -O -c 'assert await 1'`` now produce :exc:`SyntaxError`\ s.
(Contributed by Irit Katriel and Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`122245` & :gh:`121637`.)
* When subclassing a pure C type, the C slots for the new type
are no longer replaced with a wrapped version on class creation
if they are not explicitly overridden in the subclass.
(Contributed by Tomasz Pytel in :gh:`132284`.)
Built-ins
---------
* The :meth:`bytes.fromhex` and :meth:`bytearray.fromhex` methods now accept
ASCII :class:`bytes` and :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`.
(Contributed by Daniel Pope in :gh:`129349`.)
* Add class methods :meth:`float.from_number` and :meth:`complex.from_number`
to convert a number to :class:`float` or :class:`complex` type correspondingly.
They raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the argument is not a real number.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`84978`.)
* Support underscore and comma as thousands separators in the fractional part
for floating-point presentation types of the new-style string formatting
(with :func:`format` or :ref:`f-strings`).
(Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`87790`.)
* The :func:`int` function no longer delegates to :meth:`~object.__trunc__`.
Classes that want to support conversion to :func:`!int` must implement
either :meth:`~object.__int__` or :meth:`~object.__index__`.
(Contributed by Mark Dickinson in :gh:`119743`.)
* The :func:`map` function now has an optional keyword-only *strict* flag
like :func:`zip` to check that all the iterables are of equal length.
(Contributed by Wannes Boeykens in :gh:`119793`.)
* The :class:`memoryview` type now supports subscription,
making it a :term:`generic type`.
(Contributed by Brian Schubert in :gh:`126012`.)
* Using :data:`NotImplemented` in a boolean context
will now raise a :exc:`TypeError`.
This has raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.9.
(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`118767`.)
* Three-argument :func:`pow` now tries calling :meth:`~object.__rpow__`
if necessary.
Previously it was only called in two-argument :func:`!pow`
and the binary power operator.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`130104`.)
* :class:`super` objects are now :mod:`copyable <copy>` and :mod:`pickleable
<pickle>`.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`125767`.)
Command line and environment
----------------------------
* The import time flag can now track modules that are already loaded ('cached'),
via the new :option:`-X importtime=2 <-X>`.
When such a module is imported, the ``self`` and ``cumulative`` times
are replaced by the string ``cached``.
Values above ``2`` for ``-X importtime`` are now reserved for future use.
(Contributed by Noah Kim and Adam Turner in :gh:`118655`.)
* The command-line option :option:`-c` now automatically dedents its code
argument before execution. The auto-dedentation behavior mirrors
:func:`textwrap.dedent`.
(Contributed by Jon Crall and Steven Sun in :gh:`103998`.)
* :option:`!-J` is no longer a reserved flag for Jython_,
and now has no special meaning.
(Contributed by Adam Turner in :gh:`133336`.)
.. _Jython: https://www.jython.org/
.. _whatsnew314-finally-syntaxwarning:
PEP 765: Control flow in :keyword:`finally` blocks
--------------------------------------------------
The compiler now emits a :exc:`SyntaxWarning` when a :keyword:`return`,
:keyword:`break`, or :keyword:`continue` statement have the effect of
leaving a :keyword:`finally` block.
This change is specified in :pep:`765`.
(Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`130080`.)
.. _whatsnew314-incremental-gc: .. _whatsnew314-incremental-gc:
Incremental garbage collection Incremental garbage collection
@ -1081,149 +1180,34 @@ The behavior of :func:`!gc.collect` changes slightly:
(Contributed by Mark Shannon in :gh:`108362`.) (Contributed by Mark Shannon in :gh:`108362`.)
Platform support
================
* :pep:`776`: Emscripten is now an officially supported platform at Default interactive shell
:pep:`tier 3 <11#tier-3>`. As a part of this effort, more than 25 bugs in -------------------------
`Emscripten libc`__ were fixed. Emscripten now includes support
for :mod:`ctypes`, :mod:`termios`, and :mod:`fcntl`, as well as
experimental support for :ref:`PyREPL <tut-interactive>`.
(Contributed by R. Hood Chatham in :gh:`127146`, :gh:`127683`, and :gh:`136931`.) .. _whatsnew314-pyrepl-highlighting:
__ https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/emscripten-runtime-environment.html * The default :term:`interactive` shell now highlights Python syntax.
The feature is enabled by default, save if :envvar:`PYTHON_BASIC_REPL`
or any other environment variable that disables colour is set.
See :ref:`using-on-controlling-color` for details.
Other language changes The default color theme for syntax highlighting strives for good contrast
====================== and exclusively uses the 4-bit VGA standard ANSI color codes for maximum
compatibility. The theme can be customized using an experimental API
:func:`!_colorize.set_theme`.
This can be called interactively or in the :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` script.
Note that this function has no stability guarantees,
and may change or be removed.
* The default :term:`interactive` shell now supports import autocompletion. (Contributed by Łukasz Langa in :gh:`131507`.)
This means that typing ``import foo`` and pressing ``<tab>`` will suggest
modules starting with ``foo``. Similarly, typing ``from foo import b`` will * The default :term:`interactive` shell now supports import auto-completion.
suggest submodules of ``foo`` starting with ``b``. Note that autocompletion This means that typing ``import co`` and pressing :kbd:`<Tab>` will suggest
of module attributes is not currently supported. modules starting with ``co``. Similarly, typing ``from concurrent import i``
will suggest submodules of ``concurrent`` starting with ``i``.
Note that autocompletion of module attributes is not currently supported.
(Contributed by Tomas Roun in :gh:`69605`.) (Contributed by Tomas Roun in :gh:`69605`.)
* The :func:`map` built-in now has an optional keyword-only *strict* flag
like :func:`zip` to check that all the iterables are of equal length.
(Contributed by Wannes Boeykens in :gh:`119793`.)
* Incorrect usage of :keyword:`await` and asynchronous comprehensions
is now detected even if the code is optimized away by the :option:`-O`
command-line option. For example, ``python -O -c 'assert await 1'``
now produces a :exc:`SyntaxError`. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`121637`.)
* Writes to ``__debug__`` are now detected even if the code is optimized
away by the :option:`-O` command-line option. For example,
``python -O -c 'assert (__debug__ := 1)'`` now produces a
:exc:`SyntaxError`. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`122245`.)
* Add class methods :meth:`float.from_number` and :meth:`complex.from_number`
to convert a number to :class:`float` or :class:`complex` type correspondingly.
They raise an error if the argument is a string.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`84978`.)
* Implement mixed-mode arithmetic rules combining real and complex numbers as
specified by C standards since C99.
(Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`69639`.)
* All Windows code pages are now supported as "cpXXX" codecs on Windows.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`123803`.)
* :class:`super` objects are now :mod:`pickleable <pickle>` and
:mod:`copyable <copy>`.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`125767`.)
* The :class:`memoryview` type now supports subscription,
making it a :term:`generic type`.
(Contributed by Brian Schubert in :gh:`126012`.)
* Support underscore and comma as thousands separators in the fractional part
for floating-point presentation types of the new-style string formatting
(with :func:`format` or :ref:`f-strings`).
(Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in :gh:`87790`.)
* The :func:`bytes.fromhex` and :func:`bytearray.fromhex` methods now accept
ASCII :class:`bytes` and :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`.
(Contributed by Daniel Pope in :gh:`129349`.)
* Support ``\z`` as a synonym for ``\Z`` in :mod:`regular expressions <re>`.
It is interpreted unambiguously in many other regular expression engines,
unlike ``\Z``, which has subtly different behavior.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`133306`.)
* ``\B`` in :mod:`regular expression <re>` now matches the empty input string.
Now it is always the opposite of ``\b``.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`124130`.)
* iOS and macOS apps can now be configured to redirect ``stdout`` and
``stderr`` content to the system log. (Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in
:gh:`127592`.)
* The iOS testbed is now able to stream test output while the test is running.
The testbed can also be used to run the test suite of projects other than
CPython itself. (Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in :gh:`127592`.)
* Three-argument :func:`pow` now tries calling :meth:`~object.__rpow__` if
necessary. Previously it was only called in two-argument :func:`!pow` and the
binary power operator.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`130104`.)
* Add a built-in implementation for HMAC (:rfc:`2104`) using formally verified
code from the `HACL* <https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star/>`__ project.
This implementation is used as a fallback when the OpenSSL implementation
of HMAC is not available.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`99108`.)
* The import time flag can now track modules that are already loaded ('cached'),
via the new :option:`-X importtime=2 <-X>`.
When such a module is imported, the ``self`` and ``cumulative`` times
are replaced by the string ``cached``.
Values above ``2`` for ``-X importtime`` are now reserved for future use.
(Contributed by Noah Kim and Adam Turner in :gh:`118655`.)
* When subclassing from a pure C type, the C slots for the new type are no
longer replaced with a wrapped version on class creation if they are not
explicitly overridden in the subclass.
(Contributed by Tomasz Pytel in :gh:`132329`.)
* The command-line option :option:`-c` now automatically dedents its code
argument before execution. The auto-dedentation behavior mirrors
:func:`textwrap.dedent`.
(Contributed by Jon Crall and Steven Sun in :gh:`103998`.)
* Improve error message when an object supporting the synchronous
context manager protocol is entered using :keyword:`async
with` instead of :keyword:`with`.
And vice versa with the asynchronous context manager protocol.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`128398`.)
* :option:`!-J` is no longer a reserved flag for Jython_,
and now has no special meaning.
(Contributed by Adam Turner in :gh:`133336`.)
.. _Jython: https://www.jython.org/
* The :func:`int` built-in no longer delegates to :meth:`~object.__trunc__`.
Classes that want to support conversion to :func:`!int` must implement
either :meth:`~object.__int__` or :meth:`~object.__index__`.
(Contributed by Mark Dickinson in :gh:`119743`.)
* Using :data:`NotImplemented` in a boolean context
will now raise a :exc:`TypeError`.
This has raised a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.9.
(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`118767`.)
.. _whatsnew314-pep765:
PEP 765: Disallow ``return``/``break``/``continue`` that exit a ``finally`` block
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The compiler emits a :exc:`SyntaxWarning` when a :keyword:`return`, :keyword:`break` or
:keyword:`continue` statement appears where it exits a :keyword:`finally` block.
This change is specified in :pep:`765`.
New modules New modules
=========== ===========
@ -1331,11 +1315,13 @@ concurrent.futures
.. _whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-start-method: .. _whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-start-method:
* The default :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` * On Unix platforms other than macOS, :ref:`'forkserver'
:ref:`start method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` changed <multiprocessing-start-method-forkserver>` is now the the default :ref:`start
from :ref:`fork <multiprocessing-start-method-fork>` to :ref:`forkserver method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` for
<multiprocessing-start-method-forkserver>` on platforms other than macOS and :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor`
Windows where it was already :ref:`spawn <multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>`. (replacing :ref:`'fork' <multiprocessing-start-method-fork>`).
This change does not affect Windows or macOS, where :ref:`'spawn'
<multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>` remains the default start method.
If the threading incompatible *fork* method is required, you must explicitly If the threading incompatible *fork* method is required, you must explicitly
request it by supplying a multiprocessing context *mp_context* to request it by supplying a multiprocessing context *mp_context* to
@ -1575,6 +1561,8 @@ hmac
* Add a built-in implementation for HMAC (:rfc:`2104`) using formally verified * Add a built-in implementation for HMAC (:rfc:`2104`) using formally verified
code from the `HACL* <https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star/>`__ project. code from the `HACL* <https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star/>`__ project.
This implementation is used as a fallback when the OpenSSL implementation
of HMAC is not available.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`99108`.) (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in :gh:`99108`.)
@ -1762,10 +1750,12 @@ multiprocessing
.. _whatsnew314-multiprocessing-start-method: .. _whatsnew314-multiprocessing-start-method:
* The default :ref:`start method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` changed * On Unix platforms other than macOS, :ref:`'forkserver'
from :ref:`fork <multiprocessing-start-method-fork>` to :ref:`forkserver <multiprocessing-start-method-forkserver>` is now the the default :ref:`start
<multiprocessing-start-method-forkserver>` on platforms other than macOS and method <multiprocessing-start-methods>`
Windows where it was already :ref:`spawn <multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>`. (replacing :ref:`'fork' <multiprocessing-start-method-fork>`).
This change does not affect Windows or macOS, where :ref:`'spawn'
<multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>` remains the default start method.
If the threading incompatible *fork* method is required, you must explicitly If the threading incompatible *fork* method is required, you must explicitly
request it via a context from :func:`multiprocessing.get_context` (preferred) request it via a context from :func:`multiprocessing.get_context` (preferred)
@ -1905,8 +1895,8 @@ pdb
(Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`132576`.) (Contributed by Tian Gao in :gh:`132576`.)
* Source code displayed in :mod:`pdb` will be syntax-highlighted. This feature * Source code displayed in :mod:`pdb` will be syntax-highlighted. This feature
can be controlled using the same methods as PyREPL, in addition to the newly can be controlled using the same methods as the default :term:`interactive`
added ``colorize`` argument of :class:`pdb.Pdb`. shell, in addition to the newly added ``colorize`` argument of :class:`pdb.Pdb`.
(Contributed by Tian Gao and Łukasz Langa in :gh:`133355`.) (Contributed by Tian Gao and Łukasz Langa in :gh:`133355`.)
@ -1936,6 +1926,19 @@ pydoc
(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`101552`.) (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`101552`.)
re
--
* Support ``\z`` as a synonym for ``\Z`` in :mod:`regular expressions <re>`.
It is interpreted unambiguously in many other regular expression engines,
unlike ``\Z``, which has subtly different behavior.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`133306`.)
* ``\B`` in :mod:`regular expression <re>` now matches the empty input string.
Now it is always the opposite of ``\b``.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`124130`.)
socket socket
------ ------
@ -2253,6 +2256,11 @@ Optimizations
(Contributed by Adam Turner, Bénédikt Tran, Chris Markiewicz, Eli Schwartz, (Contributed by Adam Turner, Bénédikt Tran, Chris Markiewicz, Eli Schwartz,
Hugo van Kemenade, Jelle Zijlstra, and others in :gh:`118761`.) Hugo van Kemenade, Jelle Zijlstra, and others in :gh:`118761`.)
* The interpreter avoids some reference count modifications internally when
it's safe to do so. This can lead to different values returned from
:func:`sys.getrefcount` and :c:func:`Py_REFCNT` compared to previous versions
of Python. See :ref:`below <whatsnew314-refcount>` for details.
asyncio asyncio
------- -------
@ -2660,7 +2668,7 @@ urllib
Deprecated Deprecated
========== ==========
New Deprecations New deprecations
---------------- ----------------
* Passing a complex number as the *real* or *imag* argument in the * Passing a complex number as the *real* or *imag* argument in the
@ -3219,6 +3227,20 @@ that may require changes to your code.
Changes in the Python API Changes in the Python API
------------------------- -------------------------
* On Unix platforms other than macOS, *forkserver* is now the default
:ref:`start method <multiprocessing-start-methods>` for :mod:`multiprocessing`
and :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor`, instead of *fork*.
See :ref:`(1) <whatsnew314-concurrent-futures-start-method>` and
:ref:`(2) <whatsnew314-multiprocessing-start-method>` for details.
If you encounter :exc:`NameError`\s or pickling errors coming out of
:mod:`multiprocessing` or :mod:`concurrent.futures`, see the
:ref:`forkserver restrictions <multiprocessing-programming-forkserver>`.
This change does not affect Windows or macOS, where :ref:`'spawn'
<multiprocessing-start-method-spawn>` remains the default start method.
* :class:`functools.partial` is now a method descriptor. * :class:`functools.partial` is now a method descriptor.
Wrap it in :func:`staticmethod` if you want to preserve the old behavior. Wrap it in :func:`staticmethod` if you want to preserve the old behavior.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Dominykas Grigonis in :gh:`121027`.) (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Dominykas Grigonis in :gh:`121027`.)