diff --git a/Python/ceval.c b/Python/ceval.c
index 46bf644106a..a43cc60a9e4 100644
--- a/Python/ceval.c
+++ b/Python/ceval.c
@@ -1408,7 +1408,9 @@ stop_tracing_and_jit(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
         // Likewise, we hold a strong reference to the executor containing this exit, so the exit is guaranteed
         // to be valid to access.
         if (err <= 0) {
-            exit->temperature = restart_backoff_counter(exit->temperature);
+            if (exit->executor->vm_data.linked || exit->executor->vm_data.valid) {
+                exit->temperature = restart_backoff_counter(exit->temperature);
+            }
         }
         else {
             exit->temperature = initial_temperature_backoff_counter();
diff --git a/Python/optimizer.c b/Python/optimizer.c
index 9db894f0bf0..1cbb1ffd16d 100644
--- a/Python/optimizer.c
+++ b/Python/optimizer.c
@@ -140,6 +140,14 @@ _PyOptimizer_Optimize(
     }
     assert(!interp->compiling);
     assert(_tstate->jit_tracer_state.initial_state.stack_depth >= 0);
+    _PyExitData *exit = _tstate->jit_tracer_state.initial_state.exit;
+    _PyExecutorObject *cold_executor = _PyExecutor_GetColdExecutor();
+    if (exit != NULL &&
+        (!exit->executor->vm_data.linked || !exit->executor->vm_data.valid) &&
+        exit->executor != cold_executor) {
+        // gh-141786 Parent executor is either unlinked or invalid - cannot optimize.
+        return 0;
+    }
 #ifndef Py_GIL_DISABLED
     assert(_tstate->jit_tracer_state.initial_state.func != NULL);
     interp->compiling = true;
@@ -185,7 +193,6 @@ _PyOptimizer_Optimize(
     else {
         executor->vm_data.code = NULL;
     }
-    _PyExitData *exit = _tstate->jit_tracer_state.initial_state.exit;
     if (exit != NULL) {
         exit->executor = executor;
     }