diff --git a/Lib/email/header.py b/Lib/email/header.py
index 2e687b7a6f1..3250d367edd 100644
--- a/Lib/email/header.py
+++ b/Lib/email/header.py
@@ -283,7 +283,12 @@ def append(self, s, charset=None, errors='strict'):
         # character set, otherwise an early error is thrown.
         output_charset = charset.output_codec or 'us-ascii'
         if output_charset != _charset.UNKNOWN8BIT:
-            s.encode(output_charset, errors)
+            try:
+                s.encode(output_charset, errors)
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                if output_charset!='us-ascii':
+                    raise
+                charset = UTF8
         self._chunks.append((s, charset))
 
     def encode(self, splitchars=';, \t', maxlinelen=None, linesep='\n'):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_email/test_email.py b/Lib/test/test_email/test_email.py
index 121c939561c..a4d39ab7793 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_email/test_email.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_email/test_email.py
@@ -604,6 +604,19 @@ def test_embeded_header_via_string_rejected(self):
         msg['Dummy'] = 'dummy\nX-Injected-Header: test'
         self.assertRaises(errors.HeaderParseError, msg.as_string)
 
+    def test_unicode_header_defaults_to_utf8_encoding(self):
+        # Issue 14291
+        m = MIMEText('abc\n')
+        m['Subject'] = 'É test'
+        self.assertEqual(str(m),textwrap.dedent("""\
+            Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
+            MIME-Version: 1.0
+            Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
+            Subject: =?utf-8?q?=C3=89_test?=
+
+            abc
+            """))
+
 # Test the email.encoders module
 class TestEncoders(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -1045,9 +1058,13 @@ def test_long_8bit_header_no_charset(self):
                          'f\xfcr Offshore-Windkraftprojekte '
                          '<a-very-long-address@example.com>')
         msg['Reply-To'] = header_string
-        self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError, msg.as_string)
+        eq(msg.as_string(maxheaderlen=78), """\
+Reply-To: =?utf-8?q?Britische_Regierung_gibt_gr=C3=BCnes_Licht_f=C3=BCr_Offs?=
+ =?utf-8?q?hore-Windkraftprojekte_=3Ca-very-long-address=40example=2Ecom=3E?=
+
+""")
         msg = Message()
-        msg['Reply-To'] = Header(header_string, 'utf-8',
+        msg['Reply-To'] = Header(header_string,
                                  header_name='Reply-To')
         eq(msg.as_string(maxheaderlen=78), """\
 Reply-To: =?utf-8?q?Britische_Regierung_gibt_gr=C3=BCnes_Licht_f=C3=BCr_Offs?=
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py b/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py
index 212ceb94fc7..54963a903ab 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py
@@ -111,10 +111,10 @@ def test_add_nonascii_string_header_raises(self):
         self.assertMailboxEmpty()
 
     def test_add_that_raises_leaves_mailbox_empty(self):
-        # XXX This test will start failing when Message learns to handle
-        # non-ASCII string headers, and a different internal failure will
-        # need to be found or manufactured.
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+        def raiser(*args, **kw):
+            raise Exception("a fake error")
+        support.patch(self, email.generator.BytesGenerator, 'flatten', raiser)
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
             self._box.add(email.message_from_string("From: Alphöso"))
         self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
         self._box.close()
diff --git a/Misc/ACKS b/Misc/ACKS
index a11d4ebdd87..eeb61e08e0d 100644
--- a/Misc/ACKS
+++ b/Misc/ACKS
@@ -470,6 +470,7 @@ Gerhard Häring
 Fredrik Håård
 Catalin Iacob
 Mihai Ibanescu
+Ali Ikinci
 Lars Immisch
 Bobby Impollonia
 Meador Inge
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS
index 9b4d2c2ef95..0d6cdbb13d0 100644
--- a/Misc/NEWS
+++ b/Misc/NEWS
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ Core and Builtins
 Library
 -------
 
+- Issue #14291: Email now defaults to utf-8 for non-ASCII unicode headers
+  instead of raising an error.  This fixes a regression relative to 2.7.
+
 - Issue #989712: Support using Tk without a mainloop.
 
 - Issue #5219: Prevent event handler cascade in IDLE.