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277 lines
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ReStructuredText
277 lines
10 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`!importlib.resources` -- Package resource reading, opening and access
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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.. module:: importlib.resources
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:synopsis: Package resource reading, opening, and access
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/importlib/resources/__init__.py`
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--------------
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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This module leverages Python's import system to provide access to *resources*
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within *packages*.
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"Resources" are file-like resources associated with a module or package in
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Python. The resources may be contained directly in a package, within a
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subdirectory contained in that package, or adjacent to modules outside a
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package. Resources may be text or binary. As a result, Python module sources
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(.py) of a package and compilation artifacts (pycache) are technically
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de-facto resources of that package. In practice, however, resources are
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primarily those non-Python artifacts exposed specifically by the package
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author.
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Resources can be opened or read in either binary or text mode.
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Resources are roughly akin to files inside directories, though it's important
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to keep in mind that this is just a metaphor. Resources and packages **do
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not** have to exist as physical files and directories on the file system:
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for example, a package and its resources can be imported from a zip file using
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:py:mod:`zipimport`.
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.. note::
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This module provides functionality similar to `pkg_resources
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<https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html>`_ `Basic
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Resource Access
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<https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html#basic-resource-access>`_
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without the performance overhead of that package. This makes reading
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resources included in packages easier, with more stable and consistent
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semantics.
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The standalone backport of this module provides more information
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on `using importlib.resources
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<https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/using.html>`_ and
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`migrating from pkg_resources to importlib.resources
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<https://importlib-resources.readthedocs.io/en/latest/migration.html>`_.
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:class:`Loaders <importlib.abc.Loader>` that wish to support resource reading should implement a
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``get_resource_reader(fullname)`` method as specified by
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:class:`importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader`.
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.. class:: Anchor
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Represents an anchor for resources, either a :class:`module object
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<types.ModuleType>` or a module name as a string. Defined as
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``Union[str, ModuleType]``.
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.. function:: files(anchor: Optional[Anchor] = None)
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Returns a :class:`~importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` object
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representing the resource container (think directory) and its resources
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(think files). A Traversable may contain other containers (think
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subdirectories).
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*anchor* is an optional :class:`Anchor`. If the anchor is a
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package, resources are resolved from that package. If a module,
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resources are resolved adjacent to that module (in the same package
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or the package root). If the anchor is omitted, the caller's module
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is used.
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.. versionadded:: 3.9
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.. versionchanged:: 3.12
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*package* parameter was renamed to *anchor*. *anchor* can now
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be a non-package module and if omitted will default to the caller's
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module. *package* is still accepted for compatibility but will raise
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a :exc:`DeprecationWarning`. Consider passing the anchor positionally or
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using ``importlib_resources >= 5.10`` for a compatible interface
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on older Pythons.
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.. function:: as_file(traversable)
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Given a :class:`~importlib.resources.abc.Traversable` object representing
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a file or directory, typically from :func:`importlib.resources.files`,
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return a context manager for use in a :keyword:`with` statement.
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The context manager provides a :class:`pathlib.Path` object.
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Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary file or directory
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created when the resource was extracted from e.g. a zip file.
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Use ``as_file`` when the Traversable methods
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(``read_text``, etc) are insufficient and an actual file or directory on
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the file system is required.
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.. versionadded:: 3.9
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.. versionchanged:: 3.12
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Added support for *traversable* representing a directory.
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.. _importlib_resources_functional:
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Functional API
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A set of simplified, backwards-compatible helpers is available.
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These allow common operations in a single function call.
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For all the following functions:
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- *anchor* is an :class:`~importlib.resources.Anchor`,
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as in :func:`~importlib.resources.files`.
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Unlike in ``files``, it may not be omitted.
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- *path_names* are components of a resource's path name, relative to
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the anchor.
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For example, to get the text of resource named ``info.txt``, use::
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importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info.txt")
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Like :meth:`Traversable.joinpath <importlib.resources.abc.Traversable>`,
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The individual components should use forward slashes (``/``)
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as path separators.
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For example, the following are equivalent::
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importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics/painting.png")
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importlib.resources.read_binary(my_module, "pics", "painting.png")
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For backward compatibility reasons, functions that read text require
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an explicit *encoding* argument if multiple *path_names* are given.
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For example, to get the text of ``info/chapter1.txt``, use::
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importlib.resources.read_text(my_module, "info", "chapter1.txt",
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encoding='utf-8')
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.. function:: open_binary(anchor, *path_names)
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Open the named resource for binary reading.
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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This function returns a :class:`~typing.BinaryIO` object,
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that is, a binary stream open for reading.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('rb')
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
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.. function:: open_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
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Open the named resource for text reading.
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By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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*encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as in built-in :func:`open`.
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For backward compatibility reasons, the *encoding* argument must be given
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explicitly if there are multiple *path_names*.
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This limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.
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This function returns a :class:`~typing.TextIO` object,
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that is, a text stream open for reading.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).open('r', encoding=encoding)
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
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*encoding* and *errors* must be given as keyword arguments.
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.. function:: read_binary(anchor, *path_names)
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Read and return the contents of the named resource as :class:`bytes`.
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_bytes()
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
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.. function:: read_text(anchor, *path_names, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')
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Read and return the contents of the named resource as :class:`str`.
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By default, the contents are read as strict UTF-8.
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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*encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as in built-in :func:`open`.
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For backward compatibility reasons, the *encoding* argument must be given
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explicitly if there are multiple *path_names*.
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This limitation is scheduled to be removed in Python 3.15.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).read_text(encoding=encoding)
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
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*encoding* and *errors* must be given as keyword arguments.
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.. function:: path(anchor, *path_names)
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Provides the path to the *resource* as an actual file system path. This
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function returns a context manager for use in a :keyword:`with` statement.
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The context manager provides a :class:`pathlib.Path` object.
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Exiting the context manager cleans up any temporary files created, e.g.
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when the resource needs to be extracted from a zip file.
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For example, the :meth:`~pathlib.Path.stat` method requires
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an actual file system path; it can be used like this::
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with importlib.resources.path(anchor, "resource.txt") as fspath:
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result = fspath.stat()
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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as_file(files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names))
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
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*encoding* and *errors* must be given as keyword arguments.
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.. function:: is_resource(anchor, *path_names)
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Return ``True`` if the named resource exists, otherwise ``False``.
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This function does not consider directories to be resources.
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).is_file()
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Multiple *path_names* are accepted.
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.. function:: contents(anchor, *path_names)
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Return an iterable over the named items within the package or path.
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The iterable returns names of resources (e.g. files) and non-resources
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(e.g. directories) as :class:`str`.
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The iterable does not recurse into subdirectories.
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See :ref:`the introduction <importlib_resources_functional>` for
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details on *anchor* and *path_names*.
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This function is roughly equivalent to::
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for resource in files(anchor).joinpath(*path_names).iterdir():
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yield resource.name
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.. deprecated:: 3.11
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Prefer ``iterdir()`` as above, which offers more control over the
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results and richer functionality.
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