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719 lines
20 KiB
Python
719 lines
20 KiB
Python
# Open an arbitrary URL
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#
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# See the following document for a tentative description of URLs:
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# Uniform Resource Locators Tim Berners-Lee
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# INTERNET DRAFT CERN
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# IETF URL Working Group 14 July 1993
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# draft-ietf-uri-url-01.txt
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#
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# The object returned by URLopener().open(file) will differ per
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# protocol. All you know is that is has methods read(), readline(),
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# readlines(), fileno(), close() and info(). The read*(), fileno()
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# and close() methods work like those of open files.
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# The info() method returns an mimetools.Message object which can be
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# used to query various info about the object, if available.
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# (mimetools.Message objects are queried with the getheader() method.)
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import string
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import socket
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import regex
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import os
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__version__ = '1.3'
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# Helper for non-unix systems
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if os.name == 'mac':
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from macurl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url
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else:
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def url2pathname(pathname):
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return pathname
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def pathname2url(pathname):
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return pathname
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# This really consists of two pieces:
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# (1) a class which handles opening of all sorts of URLs
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# (plus assorted utilities etc.)
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# (2) a set of functions for parsing URLs
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# XXX Should these be separated out into different modules?
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# Shortcut for basic usage
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_urlopener = None
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def urlopen(url):
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global _urlopener
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if not _urlopener:
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_urlopener = FancyURLopener()
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return _urlopener.open(url)
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def urlretrieve(url, filename=None):
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global _urlopener
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if not _urlopener:
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_urlopener = FancyURLopener()
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if filename:
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return _urlopener.retrieve(url, filename)
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else:
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return _urlopener.retrieve(url)
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def urlcleanup():
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if _urlopener:
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_urlopener.cleanup()
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# Class to open URLs.
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# This is a class rather than just a subroutine because we may need
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# more than one set of global protocol-specific options.
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# Note -- this is a base class for those who don't want the
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# automatic handling of errors type 302 (relocated) and 401
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# (authorization needed).
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ftpcache = {}
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class URLopener:
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# Constructor
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def __init__(self, proxies=None):
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if proxies is None:
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proxies = getproxies()
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self.proxies = proxies
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server_version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__
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self.addheaders = [('User-agent', server_version)]
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self.tempcache = None
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# Undocumented feature: if you assign {} to tempcache,
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# it is used to cache files retrieved with
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# self.retrieve(). This is not enabled by default
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# since it does not work for changing documents (and I
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# haven't got the logic to check expiration headers
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# yet).
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self.ftpcache = ftpcache
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# Undocumented feature: you can use a different
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# ftp cache by assigning to the .ftpcache member;
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# in case you want logically independent URL openers
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def __del__(self):
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self.close()
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def close(self):
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self.cleanup()
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def cleanup(self):
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import os
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if self.tempcache:
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for url in self.tempcache.keys():
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try:
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os.unlink(self.tempcache[url][0])
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except os.error:
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pass
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del self.tempcache[url]
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# Add a header to be used by the HTTP interface only
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# e.g. u.addheader('Accept', 'sound/basic')
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def addheader(self, *args):
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self.addheaders.append(args)
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# External interface
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# Use URLopener().open(file) instead of open(file, 'r')
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def open(self, fullurl):
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fullurl = unwrap(fullurl)
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type, url = splittype(fullurl)
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if not type: type = 'file'
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if self.proxies.has_key(type):
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proxy = self.proxies[type]
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type, proxy = splittype(proxy)
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host, selector = splithost(proxy)
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url = (host, fullurl) # Signal special case to open_*()
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name = 'open_' + type
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if '-' in name:
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import regsub
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name = regsub.gsub('-', '_', name)
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if not hasattr(self, name):
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return self.open_unknown(fullurl)
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try:
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return getattr(self, name)(url)
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except socket.error, msg:
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raise IOError, ('socket error', msg)
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# Overridable interface to open unknown URL type
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def open_unknown(self, fullurl):
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type, url = splittype(fullurl)
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raise IOError, ('url error', 'unknown url type', type)
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# External interface
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# retrieve(url) returns (filename, None) for a local object
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# or (tempfilename, headers) for a remote object
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def retrieve(self, url, filename=None):
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if self.tempcache and self.tempcache.has_key(url):
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return self.tempcache[url]
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url1 = unwrap(url)
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if self.tempcache and self.tempcache.has_key(url1):
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self.tempcache[url] = self.tempcache[url1]
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return self.tempcache[url1]
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type, url1 = splittype(url1)
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if not filename and (not type or type == 'file'):
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try:
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fp = self.open_local_file(url1)
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del fp
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return url2pathname(splithost(url1)[1]), None
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except IOError, msg:
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pass
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fp = self.open(url)
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headers = fp.info()
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if not filename:
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import tempfile
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filename = tempfile.mktemp()
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result = filename, headers
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if self.tempcache is not None:
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self.tempcache[url] = result
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tfp = open(filename, 'w')
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bs = 1024*8
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block = fp.read(bs)
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while block:
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tfp.write(block)
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block = fp.read(bs)
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del fp
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del tfp
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return result
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# Each method named open_<type> knows how to open that type of URL
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# Use HTTP protocol
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def open_http(self, url):
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import httplib
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if type(url) is type(""):
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host, selector = splithost(url)
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else:
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host, selector = url
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print "proxy via http:", host, selector
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if not host: raise IOError, ('http error', 'no host given')
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i = string.find(host, '@')
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if i >= 0:
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user_passwd, host = host[:i], host[i+1:]
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else:
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user_passwd = None
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if user_passwd:
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import base64
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auth = string.strip(base64.encodestring(user_passwd))
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else:
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auth = None
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h = httplib.HTTP(host)
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h.putrequest('GET', selector)
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if auth: h.putheader('Authorization: Basic %s' % auth)
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for args in self.addheaders: apply(h.putheader, args)
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h.endheaders()
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errcode, errmsg, headers = h.getreply()
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fp = h.getfile()
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if errcode == 200:
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return addinfo(fp, headers)
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else:
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return self.http_error(url,
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fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
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# Handle http errors.
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# Derived class can override this, or provide specific handlers
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# named http_error_DDD where DDD is the 3-digit error code
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def http_error(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
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# First check if there's a specific handler for this error
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name = 'http_error_%d' % errcode
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if hasattr(self, name):
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method = getattr(self, name)
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result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
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if result: return result
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return self.http_error_default(
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url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
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# Default http error handler: close the connection and raises IOError
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def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
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void = fp.read()
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fp.close()
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raise IOError, ('http error', errcode, errmsg, headers)
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# Use Gopher protocol
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def open_gopher(self, url):
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import gopherlib
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host, selector = splithost(url)
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if not host: raise IOError, ('gopher error', 'no host given')
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type, selector = splitgophertype(selector)
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selector, query = splitquery(selector)
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selector = unquote(selector)
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if query:
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query = unquote(query)
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fp = gopherlib.send_query(selector, query, host)
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else:
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fp = gopherlib.send_selector(selector, host)
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return addinfo(fp, noheaders())
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# Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL
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def open_file(self, url):
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if url[:2] == '//':
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return self.open_ftp(url)
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else:
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return self.open_local_file(url)
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# Use local file
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def open_local_file(self, url):
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host, file = splithost(url)
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if not host: return addinfo(open(url2pathname(file), 'r'), noheaders())
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host, port = splitport(host)
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if not port and socket.gethostbyname(host) in (
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localhost(), thishost()):
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file = unquote(file)
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return addinfo(open(url2pathname(file), 'r'), noheaders())
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raise IOError, ('local file error', 'not on local host')
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# Use FTP protocol
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def open_ftp(self, url):
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host, path = splithost(url)
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if not host: raise IOError, ('ftp error', 'no host given')
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host, port = splitport(host)
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user, host = splituser(host)
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if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user)
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else: passwd = None
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host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
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if not port:
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import ftplib
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port = ftplib.FTP_PORT
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path, attrs = splitattr(path)
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dirs = string.splitfields(path, '/')
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dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1]
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if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs = dirs[1:]
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key = (user, host, port, string.joinfields(dirs, '/'))
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try:
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if not self.ftpcache.has_key(key):
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self.ftpcache[key] = \
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ftpwrapper(user, passwd,
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host, port, dirs)
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if not file: type = 'D'
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else: type = 'I'
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for attr in attrs:
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attr, value = splitvalue(attr)
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if string.lower(attr) == 'type' and \
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value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'):
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type = string.upper(value)
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return addinfo(self.ftpcache[key].retrfile(file, type),
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noheaders())
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except ftperrors(), msg:
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raise IOError, ('ftp error', msg)
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# Derived class with handlers for errors we can handle (perhaps)
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class FancyURLopener(URLopener):
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def __init__(self, *args):
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apply(URLopener.__init__, (self,) + args)
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self.auth_cache = {}
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# Default error handling -- don't raise an exception
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def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
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return addinfo(fp, headers)
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# Error 302 -- relocated
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def http_error_302(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
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# XXX The server can force infinite recursion here!
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if headers.has_key('location'):
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newurl = headers['location']
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elif headers.has_key('uri'):
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newurl = headers['uri']
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else:
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return
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void = fp.read()
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fp.close()
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return self.open(newurl)
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# Error 401 -- authentication required
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# See this URL for a description of the basic authentication scheme:
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# http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-00.txt
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def http_error_401(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
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if headers.has_key('www-authenticate'):
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stuff = headers['www-authenticate']
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p = regex.compile(
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'[ \t]*\([^ \t]+\)[ \t]+realm="\([^"]*\)"')
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if p.match(stuff) >= 0:
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scheme, realm = p.group(1, 2)
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if string.lower(scheme) == 'basic':
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return self.retry_http_basic_auth(
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url, realm)
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def retry_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm):
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host, selector = splithost(url)
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i = string.find(host, '@') + 1
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host = host[i:]
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user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i)
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if not (user or passwd): return None
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host = user + ':' + passwd + '@' + host
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newurl = '//' + host + selector
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return self.open_http(newurl)
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def get_user_passwd(self, host, realm, clear_cache = 0):
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key = realm + '@' + string.lower(host)
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if self.auth_cache.has_key(key):
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if clear_cache:
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del self.auth_cache[key]
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else:
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return self.auth_cache[key]
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user, passwd = self.prompt_user_passwd(host, realm)
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if user or passwd: self.auth_cache[key] = (user, passwd)
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return user, passwd
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def prompt_user_passwd(self, host, realm):
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# Override this in a GUI environment!
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try:
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user = raw_input("Enter username for %s at %s: " %
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(realm, host))
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self.echo_off()
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try:
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passwd = raw_input(
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"Enter password for %s in %s at %s: " %
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(user, realm, host))
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finally:
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self.echo_on()
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return user, passwd
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except KeyboardInterrupt:
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return None, None
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def echo_off(self):
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import os
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os.system("stty -echo")
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def echo_on(self):
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import os
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print
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os.system("stty echo")
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# Utility functions
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# Return the IP address of the magic hostname 'localhost'
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_localhost = None
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def localhost():
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global _localhost
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if not _localhost:
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_localhost = socket.gethostbyname('localhost')
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return _localhost
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# Return the IP address of the current host
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_thishost = None
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def thishost():
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global _thishost
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if not _thishost:
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_thishost = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
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return _thishost
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# Return the set of errors raised by the FTP class
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_ftperrors = None
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def ftperrors():
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global _ftperrors
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if not _ftperrors:
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import ftplib
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_ftperrors = (ftplib.error_reply,
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ftplib.error_temp,
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ftplib.error_perm,
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ftplib.error_proto)
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return _ftperrors
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|
|
|
# Return an empty mimetools.Message object
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_noheaders = None
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def noheaders():
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global _noheaders
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if not _noheaders:
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import mimetools
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import StringIO
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_noheaders = mimetools.Message(StringIO.StringIO(), 0)
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_noheaders.fp.close() # Recycle file descriptor
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return _noheaders
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|
|
|
|
|
# Utility classes
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|
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|
# Class used by open_ftp() for cache of open FTP connections
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class ftpwrapper:
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def __init__(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs):
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self.user = unquote(user or '')
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self.passwd = unquote(passwd or '')
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self.host = host
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self.port = port
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self.dirs = []
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for dir in dirs:
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self.dirs.append(unquote(dir))
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self.init()
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def init(self):
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import ftplib
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self.ftp = ftplib.FTP()
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self.ftp.connect(self.host, self.port)
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self.ftp.login(self.user, self.passwd)
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for dir in self.dirs:
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self.ftp.cwd(dir)
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def retrfile(self, file, type):
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import ftplib
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if type in ('d', 'D'): cmd = 'TYPE A'; isdir = 1
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else: cmd = 'TYPE ' + type; isdir = 0
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try:
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self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd)
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|
except ftplib.all_errors:
|
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self.init()
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|
self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd)
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|
conn = None
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|
if file and not isdir:
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try:
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|
cmd = 'RETR ' + file
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conn = self.ftp.transfercmd(cmd)
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|
except ftplib.error_perm, reason:
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|
if reason[:3] != '550':
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raise IOError, ('ftp error', reason)
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if not conn:
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# Try a directory listing
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if file: cmd = 'LIST ' + file
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|
else: cmd = 'LIST'
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conn = self.ftp.transfercmd(cmd)
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return addclosehook(conn.makefile('rb'), self.ftp.voidresp)
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|
|
|
# Base class for addinfo and addclosehook
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|
class addbase:
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|
def __init__(self, fp):
|
|
self.fp = fp
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|
self.read = self.fp.read
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|
self.readline = self.fp.readline
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|
self.readlines = self.fp.readlines
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|
self.fileno = self.fp.fileno
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|
def __repr__(self):
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|
return '<%s at %s whose fp = %s>' % (
|
|
self.__class__.__name__, `id(self)`, `self.fp`)
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|
def close(self):
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|
self.read = None
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|
self.readline = None
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|
self.readlines = None
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|
self.fileno = None
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if self.fp: self.fp.close()
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|
self.fp = None
|
|
|
|
# Class to add a close hook to an open file
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|
class addclosehook(addbase):
|
|
def __init__(self, fp, closehook, *hookargs):
|
|
addbase.__init__(self, fp)
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|
self.closehook = closehook
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|
self.hookargs = hookargs
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|
def close(self):
|
|
if self.closehook:
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|
apply(self.closehook, self.hookargs)
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|
self.closehook = None
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|
self.hookargs = None
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|
addbase.close(self)
|
|
|
|
# class to add an info() method to an open file
|
|
class addinfo(addbase):
|
|
def __init__(self, fp, headers):
|
|
addbase.__init__(self, fp)
|
|
self.headers = headers
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|
def info(self):
|
|
return self.headers
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Utility to combine a URL with a base URL to form a new URL
|
|
|
|
def basejoin(base, url):
|
|
type, path = splittype(url)
|
|
if type:
|
|
# if url is complete (i.e., it contains a type), return it
|
|
return url
|
|
host, path = splithost(path)
|
|
type, basepath = splittype(base) # inherit type from base
|
|
if host:
|
|
# if url contains host, just inherit type
|
|
if type: return type + '://' + host + path
|
|
else:
|
|
# no type inherited, so url must have started with //
|
|
# just return it
|
|
return url
|
|
host, basepath = splithost(basepath) # inherit host
|
|
basepath, basetag = splittag(basepath) # remove extraneuous cruft
|
|
basepath, basequery = splitquery(basepath) # idem
|
|
if path[:1] != '/':
|
|
# non-absolute path name
|
|
if path[:1] in ('#', '?'):
|
|
# path is just a tag or query, attach to basepath
|
|
i = len(basepath)
|
|
else:
|
|
# else replace last component
|
|
i = string.rfind(basepath, '/')
|
|
if i < 0:
|
|
# basepath not absolute
|
|
if host:
|
|
# host present, make absolute
|
|
basepath = '/'
|
|
else:
|
|
# else keep non-absolute
|
|
basepath = ''
|
|
else:
|
|
# remove last file component
|
|
basepath = basepath[:i+1]
|
|
path = basepath + path
|
|
if type and host: return type + '://' + host + path
|
|
elif type: return type + ':' + path
|
|
elif host: return '//' + host + path # don't know what this means
|
|
else: return path
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Utilities to parse URLs (most of these return None for missing parts):
|
|
# unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path'
|
|
# splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring'
|
|
# splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path'
|
|
# splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'
|
|
# splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd'
|
|
# splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port'
|
|
# splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query'
|
|
# splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'
|
|
# splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') ->
|
|
# '/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...]
|
|
# splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value'
|
|
# splitgophertype('/Xselector') --> 'X', 'selector'
|
|
# unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def'
|
|
# quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def')
|
|
|
|
def unwrap(url):
|
|
url = string.strip(url)
|
|
if url[:1] == '<' and url[-1:] == '>':
|
|
url = string.strip(url[1:-1])
|
|
if url[:4] == 'URL:': url = string.strip(url[4:])
|
|
return url
|
|
|
|
_typeprog = regex.compile('^\([^/:]+\):\(.*\)$')
|
|
def splittype(url):
|
|
if _typeprog.match(url) >= 0: return _typeprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return None, url
|
|
|
|
_hostprog = regex.compile('^//\([^/]+\)\(.*\)$')
|
|
def splithost(url):
|
|
if _hostprog.match(url) >= 0: return _hostprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return None, url
|
|
|
|
_userprog = regex.compile('^\([^@]*\)@\(.*\)$')
|
|
def splituser(host):
|
|
if _userprog.match(host) >= 0: return _userprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return None, host
|
|
|
|
_passwdprog = regex.compile('^\([^:]*\):\(.*\)$')
|
|
def splitpasswd(user):
|
|
if _passwdprog.match(user) >= 0: return _passwdprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return user, None
|
|
|
|
_portprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\):\([0-9]+\)$')
|
|
def splitport(host):
|
|
if _portprog.match(host) >= 0: return _portprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return host, None
|
|
|
|
_queryprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\)\?\([^?]*\)$')
|
|
def splitquery(url):
|
|
if _queryprog.match(url) >= 0: return _queryprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return url, None
|
|
|
|
_tagprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\)#\([^#]*\)$')
|
|
def splittag(url):
|
|
if _tagprog.match(url) >= 0: return _tagprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return url, None
|
|
|
|
def splitattr(url):
|
|
words = string.splitfields(url, ';')
|
|
return words[0], words[1:]
|
|
|
|
_valueprog = regex.compile('^\([^=]*\)=\(.*\)$')
|
|
def splitvalue(attr):
|
|
if _valueprog.match(attr) >= 0: return _valueprog.group(1, 2)
|
|
return attr, None
|
|
|
|
def splitgophertype(selector):
|
|
if selector[:1] == '/' and selector[1:2]:
|
|
return selector[1], selector[2:]
|
|
return None, selector
|
|
|
|
_quoteprog = regex.compile('%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]')
|
|
def unquote(s):
|
|
i = 0
|
|
n = len(s)
|
|
res = ''
|
|
while 0 <= i < n:
|
|
j = _quoteprog.search(s, i)
|
|
if j < 0:
|
|
res = res + s[i:]
|
|
break
|
|
res = res + (s[i:j] + chr(string.atoi(s[j+1:j+3], 16)))
|
|
i = j+3
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
always_safe = string.letters + string.digits + '_,.-'
|
|
def quote(s, safe = '/'):
|
|
safe = always_safe + safe
|
|
res = ''
|
|
for c in s:
|
|
if c in safe:
|
|
res = res + c
|
|
else:
|
|
res = res + '%%%02x' % ord(c)
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Proxy handling
|
|
def getproxies():
|
|
"""Return a dictionary of protocol scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.
|
|
|
|
Scan the environment for variables named <scheme>_proxy;
|
|
this seems to be the standard convention. If you need a
|
|
different way, you can pass a proxies dictionary to the
|
|
[Fancy]URLopener constructor.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
proxies = {}
|
|
for name, value in os.environ.items():
|
|
if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy':
|
|
proxies[name[:-6]] = value
|
|
return proxies
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Test and time quote() and unquote()
|
|
def test1():
|
|
import time
|
|
s = ''
|
|
for i in range(256): s = s + chr(i)
|
|
s = s*4
|
|
t0 = time.time()
|
|
qs = quote(s)
|
|
uqs = unquote(qs)
|
|
t1 = time.time()
|
|
if uqs != s:
|
|
print 'Wrong!'
|
|
print `s`
|
|
print `qs`
|
|
print `uqs`
|
|
print round(t1 - t0, 3), 'sec'
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Test program
|
|
def test():
|
|
import sys
|
|
import regsub
|
|
args = sys.argv[1:]
|
|
if not args:
|
|
args = [
|
|
'/etc/passwd',
|
|
'file:/etc/passwd',
|
|
'file://localhost/etc/passwd',
|
|
'ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/etc/passwd',
|
|
'gopher://gopher.cwi.nl/11/',
|
|
'http://www.cwi.nl/index.html',
|
|
]
|
|
try:
|
|
for url in args:
|
|
print '-'*10, url, '-'*10
|
|
fn, h = urlretrieve(url)
|
|
print fn, h
|
|
if h:
|
|
print '======'
|
|
for k in h.keys(): print k + ':', h[k]
|
|
print '======'
|
|
fp = open(fn, 'r')
|
|
data = fp.read()
|
|
del fp
|
|
print regsub.gsub('\r', '', data)
|
|
fn, h = None, None
|
|
print '-'*40
|
|
finally:
|
|
urlcleanup()
|
|
|
|
# Run test program when run as a script
|
|
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|
## test1()
|
|
test()
|