mirror of
https://github.com/python/cpython.git
synced 2025-10-31 13:41:24 +00:00
230 lines
8.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
230 lines
8.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _timerfd-howto:
|
|
|
|
*****************************
|
|
timer file descriptor HOWTO
|
|
*****************************
|
|
|
|
:Release: 1.13
|
|
|
|
This HOWTO discusses Python's support for the linux timer file descriptor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
========
|
|
|
|
The following example shows how to use a timer file descriptor
|
|
to execute a function twice a second:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: python
|
|
|
|
# Practical scripts should use really use a non-blocking timer,
|
|
# we use a blocking timer here for simplicity.
|
|
import os, time
|
|
|
|
# Create the timer file descriptor
|
|
fd = os.timerfd_create(time.CLOCK_REALTIME)
|
|
|
|
# Start the timer in 1 second, with an interval of half a second
|
|
os.timerfd_settime(fd, initial=1, interval=0.5)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# Process timer events four times.
|
|
for _ in range(4):
|
|
# read() will block until the timer expires
|
|
_ = os.read(fd, 8)
|
|
print("Timer expired")
|
|
finally:
|
|
# Remember to close the timer file descriptor!
|
|
os.close(fd)
|
|
|
|
To avoid the precision loss caused by the :class:`float` type,
|
|
timer file descriptors allow specifying initial expiration and interval
|
|
in integer nanoseconds with ``_ns`` variants of the functions.
|
|
|
|
This example shows how :func:`~select.epoll` can be used with timer file
|
|
descriptors to wait until the file descriptor is ready for reading:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: python
|
|
|
|
import os, time, select, socket, sys
|
|
|
|
# Create an epoll object
|
|
ep = select.epoll()
|
|
|
|
# In this example, use loopback address to send "stop" command to the server.
|
|
#
|
|
# $ telnet 127.0.0.1 1234
|
|
# Trying 127.0.0.1...
|
|
# Connected to 127.0.0.1.
|
|
# Escape character is '^]'.
|
|
# stop
|
|
# Connection closed by foreign host.
|
|
#
|
|
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
|
|
sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 1234))
|
|
sock.setblocking(False)
|
|
sock.listen(1)
|
|
ep.register(sock, select.EPOLLIN)
|
|
|
|
# Create timer file descriptors in non-blocking mode.
|
|
num = 3
|
|
fds = []
|
|
for _ in range(num):
|
|
fd = os.timerfd_create(time.CLOCK_REALTIME, flags=os.TFD_NONBLOCK)
|
|
fds.append(fd)
|
|
# Register the timer file descriptor for read events
|
|
ep.register(fd, select.EPOLLIN)
|
|
|
|
# Start the timer with os.timerfd_settime_ns() in nanoseconds.
|
|
# Timer 1 fires every 0.25 seconds; timer 2 every 0.5 seconds; etc
|
|
for i, fd in enumerate(fds, start=1):
|
|
one_sec_in_nsec = 10**9
|
|
i = i * one_sec_in_nsec
|
|
os.timerfd_settime_ns(fd, initial=i//4, interval=i//4)
|
|
|
|
timeout = 3
|
|
try:
|
|
conn = None
|
|
is_active = True
|
|
while is_active:
|
|
# Wait for the timer to expire for 3 seconds.
|
|
# epoll.poll() returns a list of (fd, event) pairs.
|
|
# fd is a file descriptor.
|
|
# sock and conn[=returned value of socket.accept()] are socket objects, not file descriptors.
|
|
# So use sock.fileno() and conn.fileno() to get the file descriptors.
|
|
events = ep.poll(timeout)
|
|
|
|
# If more than one timer file descriptors are ready for reading at once,
|
|
# epoll.poll() returns a list of (fd, event) pairs.
|
|
#
|
|
# In this example settings,
|
|
# 1st timer fires every 0.25 seconds in 0.25 seconds. (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, ...)
|
|
# 2nd timer every 0.5 seconds in 0.5 seconds. (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, ...)
|
|
# 3rd timer every 0.75 seconds in 0.75 seconds. (0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3.0, ...)
|
|
#
|
|
# In 0.25 seconds, only 1st timer fires.
|
|
# In 0.5 seconds, 1st timer and 2nd timer fires at once.
|
|
# In 0.75 seconds, 1st timer and 3rd timer fires at once.
|
|
# In 1.5 seconds, 1st timer, 2nd timer and 3rd timer fires at once.
|
|
#
|
|
# If a timer file descriptor is signaled more than once since
|
|
# the last os.read() call, os.read() returns the number of signaled
|
|
# as host order of class bytes.
|
|
print(f"Signaled events={events}")
|
|
for fd, event in events:
|
|
if event & select.EPOLLIN:
|
|
if fd == sock.fileno():
|
|
# Check if there is a connection request.
|
|
print(f"Accepting connection {fd}")
|
|
conn, addr = sock.accept()
|
|
conn.setblocking(False)
|
|
print(f"Accepted connection {conn} from {addr}")
|
|
ep.register(conn, select.EPOLLIN)
|
|
elif conn and fd == conn.fileno():
|
|
# Check if there is data to read.
|
|
print(f"Reading data {fd}")
|
|
data = conn.recv(1024)
|
|
if data:
|
|
# You should catch UnicodeDecodeError exception for safety.
|
|
cmd = data.decode()
|
|
if cmd.startswith("stop"):
|
|
print(f"Stopping server")
|
|
is_active = False
|
|
else:
|
|
print(f"Unknown command: {cmd}")
|
|
else:
|
|
# No more data, close connection
|
|
print(f"Closing connection {fd}")
|
|
ep.unregister(conn)
|
|
conn.close()
|
|
conn = None
|
|
elif fd in fds:
|
|
print(f"Reading timer {fd}")
|
|
count = int.from_bytes(os.read(fd, 8), byteorder=sys.byteorder)
|
|
print(f"Timer {fds.index(fd) + 1} expired {count} times")
|
|
else:
|
|
print(f"Unknown file descriptor {fd}")
|
|
finally:
|
|
for fd in fds:
|
|
ep.unregister(fd)
|
|
os.close(fd)
|
|
ep.close()
|
|
|
|
This example shows how :func:`~select.select` can be used with timer file
|
|
descriptors to wait until the file descriptor is ready for reading:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: python
|
|
|
|
import os, time, select, socket, sys
|
|
|
|
# In this example, use loopback address to send "stop" command to the server.
|
|
#
|
|
# $ telnet 127.0.0.1 1234
|
|
# Trying 127.0.0.1...
|
|
# Connected to 127.0.0.1.
|
|
# Escape character is '^]'.
|
|
# stop
|
|
# Connection closed by foreign host.
|
|
#
|
|
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
|
|
sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 1234))
|
|
sock.setblocking(False)
|
|
sock.listen(1)
|
|
|
|
# Create timer file descriptors in non-blocking mode.
|
|
num = 3
|
|
fds = [os.timerfd_create(time.CLOCK_REALTIME, flags=os.TFD_NONBLOCK)
|
|
for _ in range(num)]
|
|
select_fds = fds + [sock]
|
|
|
|
# Start the timers with os.timerfd_settime() in seconds.
|
|
# Timer 1 fires every 0.25 seconds; timer 2 every 0.5 seconds; etc
|
|
for i, fd in enumerate(fds, start=1):
|
|
os.timerfd_settime(fd, initial=i/4, interval=i/4)
|
|
|
|
timeout = 3
|
|
try:
|
|
conn = None
|
|
is_active = True
|
|
while is_active:
|
|
# Wait for the timer to expire for 3 seconds.
|
|
# select.select() returns a list of file descriptors or objects.
|
|
rfd, wfd, xfd = select.select(select_fds, select_fds, select_fds, timeout)
|
|
for fd in rfd:
|
|
if fd == sock:
|
|
# Check if there is a connection request.
|
|
print(f"Accepting connection {fd}")
|
|
conn, addr = sock.accept()
|
|
conn.setblocking(False)
|
|
print(f"Accepted connection {conn} from {addr}")
|
|
select_fds.append(conn)
|
|
elif conn and fd == conn:
|
|
# Check if there is data to read.
|
|
print(f"Reading data {fd}")
|
|
data = conn.recv(1024)
|
|
if data:
|
|
# You should catch UnicodeDecodeError exception for safety.
|
|
cmd = data.decode()
|
|
if cmd.startswith("stop"):
|
|
print(f"Stopping server")
|
|
is_active = False
|
|
else:
|
|
print(f"Unknown command: {cmd}")
|
|
else:
|
|
# No more data, close connection
|
|
print(f"Closing connection {fd}")
|
|
select_fds.remove(conn)
|
|
conn.close()
|
|
conn = None
|
|
elif fd in fds:
|
|
print(f"Reading timer {fd}")
|
|
count = int.from_bytes(os.read(fd, 8), byteorder=sys.byteorder)
|
|
print(f"Timer {fds.index(fd) + 1} expired {count} times")
|
|
else:
|
|
print(f"Unknown file descriptor {fd}")
|
|
finally:
|
|
for fd in fds:
|
|
os.close(fd)
|
|
sock.close()
|
|
sock = None
|
|
|