cpython/Python/marshal.c

/* Write Python objects to files and read them back.
   This is intended for writing and reading compiled Python code only;
   a true persistent storage facility would be much harder, since
   it would have to take circular links and sharing into account. */

#include "Python.h"
#include "longintrepr.h"
#include "compile.h"
#include "marshal.h"

/* High water mark to determine when the marshalled object is dangerously deep
 * and risks coring the interpreter.  When the object stack gets this deep,
 * raise an exception instead of continuing.
 */
#define MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH 5000

#define TYPE_NULL	'0'
#define TYPE_NONE	'N'
#define TYPE_STOPITER	'S'
#define TYPE_ELLIPSIS   '.'
#define TYPE_INT	'i'
#define TYPE_INT64	'I'
#define TYPE_FLOAT	'f'
#define TYPE_COMPLEX	'x'
#define TYPE_LONG	'l'
#define TYPE_STRING	's'
#define TYPE_TUPLE	'('
#define TYPE_LIST	'['
#define TYPE_DICT	'{'
#define TYPE_CODE	'c'
#define TYPE_UNICODE	'u'
#define TYPE_UNKNOWN	'?'

typedef struct {
	FILE *fp;
	int error;
	int depth;
	/* If fp == NULL, the following are valid: */
	PyObject *str;
	char *ptr;
	char *end;
} WFILE;

#define w_byte(c, p) if (((p)->fp)) putc((c), (p)->fp); \
		      else if ((p)->ptr != (p)->end) *(p)->ptr++ = (c); \
			   else w_more(c, p)

static void
w_more(int c, WFILE *p)
{
	int size, newsize;
	if (p->str == NULL)
		return; /* An error already occurred */
	size = PyString_Size(p->str);
	newsize = size + 1024;
	if (_PyString_Resize(&p->str, newsize) != 0) {
		p->ptr = p->end = NULL;
	}
	else {
		p->ptr = PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)p->str) + size;
		p->end =
			PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)p->str) + newsize;
		*p->ptr++ = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(c, int, char);
	}
}

static void
w_string(char *s, int n, WFILE *p)
{
	if (p->fp != NULL) {
		fwrite(s, 1, n, p->fp);
	}
	else {
		while (--n >= 0) {
			w_byte(*s, p);
			s++;
		}
	}
}

static void
w_short(int x, WFILE *p)
{
	w_byte( x      & 0xff, p);
	w_byte((x>> 8) & 0xff, p);
}

static void
w_long(long x, WFILE *p)
{
	w_byte((int)( x      & 0xff), p);
	w_byte((int)((x>> 8) & 0xff), p);
	w_byte((int)((x>>16) & 0xff), p);
	w_byte((int)((x>>24) & 0xff), p);
}

#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
static void
w_long64(long x, WFILE *p)
{
	w_long(x, p);
	w_long(x>>32, p);
}
#endif

static void
w_object(PyObject *v, WFILE *p)
{
	int i, n;
	PyBufferProcs *pb;

	p->depth++;

	if (p->depth > MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH) {
		p->error = 2;
	}
	else if (v == NULL) {
		w_byte(TYPE_NULL, p);
	}
	else if (v == Py_None) {
		w_byte(TYPE_NONE, p);
	}
	else if (v == PyExc_StopIteration) {
		w_byte(TYPE_STOPITER, p);
	}
	else if (v == Py_Ellipsis) {
	        w_byte(TYPE_ELLIPSIS, p);
	}
	else if (PyInt_Check(v)) {
		long x = PyInt_AS_LONG((PyIntObject *)v);
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
		long y = Py_ARITHMETIC_RIGHT_SHIFT(long, x, 31);
		if (y && y != -1) {
			w_byte(TYPE_INT64, p);
			w_long64(x, p);
		}
		else
#endif
			{
			w_byte(TYPE_INT, p);
			w_long(x, p);
		}
	}
	else if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
		PyLongObject *ob = (PyLongObject *)v;
		w_byte(TYPE_LONG, p);
		n = ob->ob_size;
		w_long((long)n, p);
		if (n < 0)
			n = -n;
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
			w_short(ob->ob_digit[i], p);
	}
	else if (PyFloat_Check(v)) {
		char buf[256]; /* Plenty to format any double */
		PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, (PyFloatObject *)v);
		n = strlen(buf);
		w_byte(TYPE_FLOAT, p);
		w_byte(n, p);
		w_string(buf, n, p);
	}
#ifndef WITHOUT_COMPLEX
	else if (PyComplex_Check(v)) {
		char buf[256]; /* Plenty to format any double */
		PyFloatObject *temp;
		w_byte(TYPE_COMPLEX, p);
		temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
			PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v));
		PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, temp);
		Py_DECREF(temp);
		n = strlen(buf);
		w_byte(n, p);
		w_string(buf, n, p);
		temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
			PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v));
		PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, temp);
		Py_DECREF(temp);
		n = strlen(buf);
		w_byte(n, p);
		w_string(buf, n, p);
	}
#endif
	else if (PyString_Check(v)) {
		w_byte(TYPE_STRING, p);
		n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
		w_long((long)n, p);
		w_string(PyString_AS_STRING(v), n, p);
	}
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
	else if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
	        PyObject *utf8;
		utf8 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(v);
		if (utf8 == NULL) {
			p->depth--;
			p->error = 1;
			return;
		}
		w_byte(TYPE_UNICODE, p);
		n = PyString_GET_SIZE(utf8);
		w_long((long)n, p);
		w_string(PyString_AS_STRING(utf8), n, p);
		Py_DECREF(utf8);
	}
#endif
	else if (PyTuple_Check(v)) {
		w_byte(TYPE_TUPLE, p);
		n = PyTuple_Size(v);
		w_long((long)n, p);
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			w_object(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
		}
	}
	else if (PyList_Check(v)) {
		w_byte(TYPE_LIST, p);
		n = PyList_GET_SIZE(v);
		w_long((long)n, p);
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			w_object(PyList_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
		}
	}
	else if (PyDict_Check(v)) {
		int pos;
		PyObject *key, *value;
		w_byte(TYPE_DICT, p);
		/* This one is NULL object terminated! */
		pos = 0;
		while (PyDict_Next(v, &pos, &key, &value)) {
			w_object(key, p);
			w_object(value, p);
		}
		w_object((PyObject *)NULL, p);
	}
	else if (PyCode_Check(v)) {
		PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)v;
		w_byte(TYPE_CODE, p);
		w_short(co->co_argcount, p);
		w_short(co->co_nlocals, p);
		w_short(co->co_stacksize, p);
		w_short(co->co_flags, p);
		w_object(co->co_code, p);
		w_object(co->co_consts, p);
		w_object(co->co_names, p);
		w_object(co->co_varnames, p);
		w_object(co->co_freevars, p);
		w_object(co->co_cellvars, p);
		w_object(co->co_filename, p);
		w_object(co->co_name, p);
		w_short(co->co_firstlineno, p);
		w_object(co->co_lnotab, p);
	}
	else if ((pb = v->ob_type->tp_as_buffer) != NULL &&
		 pb->bf_getsegcount != NULL &&
		 pb->bf_getreadbuffer != NULL &&
		 (*pb->bf_getsegcount)(v, NULL) == 1)
	{
		/* Write unknown buffer-style objects as a string */
		char *s;
		w_byte(TYPE_STRING, p);
		n = (*pb->bf_getreadbuffer)(v, 0, (void **)&s);
		w_long((long)n, p);
		w_string(s, n, p);
	}
	else {
		w_byte(TYPE_UNKNOWN, p);
		p->error = 1;
	}

	p->depth--;
}

void
PyMarshal_WriteLongToFile(long x, FILE *fp)
{
	WFILE wf;
	wf.fp = fp;
	wf.error = 0;
	wf.depth = 0;
	w_long(x, &wf);
}

void
PyMarshal_WriteObjectToFile(PyObject *x, FILE *fp)
{
	WFILE wf;
	wf.fp = fp;
	wf.error = 0;
	wf.depth = 0;
	w_object(x, &wf);
}

typedef WFILE RFILE; /* Same struct with different invariants */

#define rs_byte(p) (((p)->ptr != (p)->end) ? (unsigned char)*(p)->ptr++ : EOF)

#define r_byte(p) ((p)->fp ? getc((p)->fp) : rs_byte(p))

static int
r_string(char *s, int n, RFILE *p)
{
	if (p->fp != NULL)
		return fread(s, 1, n, p->fp);
	if (p->end - p->ptr < n)
		n = p->end - p->ptr;
	memcpy(s, p->ptr, n);
	p->ptr += n;
	return n;
}

static int
r_short(RFILE *p)
{
	register short x;
	x = r_byte(p);
	x |= r_byte(p) << 8;
	/* Sign-extension, in case short greater than 16 bits */
	x |= -(x & 0x8000);
	return x;
}

static long
r_long(RFILE *p)
{
	register long x;
	register FILE *fp = p->fp;
	if (fp) {
		x = getc(fp);
		x |= (long)getc(fp) << 8;
		x |= (long)getc(fp) << 16;
		x |= (long)getc(fp) << 24;
	}
	else {
		x = rs_byte(p);
		x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 8;
		x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 16;
		x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 24;
	}
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
	/* Sign extension for 64-bit machines */
	x |= -(x & 0x80000000L);
#endif
	return x;
}

/* r_long64 deals with the TYPE_INT64 code.  On a machine with
   sizeof(long) > 4, it returns a Python int object, else a Python long
   object.  Note that w_long64 writes out TYPE_INT if 32 bits is enough,
   so there's no inefficiency here in returning a PyLong on 32-bit boxes
   for everything written via TYPE_INT64 (i.e., if an int is written via
   TYPE_INT64, it *needs* more than 32 bits).
*/
static PyObject *
r_long64(RFILE *p)
{
	long lo4 = r_long(p);
	long hi4 = r_long(p);
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
	long x = (hi4 << 32) | (lo4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
	return PyInt_FromLong(x);
#else
	unsigned char buf[8];
	int one = 1;
	int is_little_endian = (int)*(char*)&one;
	if (is_little_endian) {
		memcpy(buf, &lo4, 4);
		memcpy(buf+4, &hi4, 4);
	}
	else {
		memcpy(buf, &hi4, 4);
		memcpy(buf+4, &lo4, 4);
	}
	return _PyLong_FromByteArray(buf, 8, is_little_endian, 1);
#endif
}

static PyObject *
r_object(RFILE *p)
{
	PyObject *v, *v2;
	long i, n;
	int type = r_byte(p);

	switch (type) {

	case EOF:
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
				"EOF read where object expected");
		return NULL;

	case TYPE_NULL:
		return NULL;

	case TYPE_NONE:
		Py_INCREF(Py_None);
		return Py_None;

	case TYPE_STOPITER:
		Py_INCREF(PyExc_StopIteration);
		return PyExc_StopIteration;

	case TYPE_ELLIPSIS:
		Py_INCREF(Py_Ellipsis);
		return Py_Ellipsis;

	case TYPE_INT:
		return PyInt_FromLong(r_long(p));

	case TYPE_INT64:
		return r_long64(p);

	case TYPE_LONG:
		{
			int size;
			PyLongObject *ob;
			n = r_long(p);
			size = n<0 ? -n : n;
			ob = _PyLong_New(size);
			if (ob == NULL)
				return NULL;
			ob->ob_size = n;
			for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
				ob->ob_digit[i] = r_short(p);
			return (PyObject *)ob;
		}

	case TYPE_FLOAT:
		{
			char buf[256];
			double dx;
			n = r_byte(p);
			if (r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
					"EOF read where object expected");
				return NULL;
			}
			buf[n] = '\0';
			PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
			dx = atof(buf);
			PyFPE_END_PROTECT(dx)
			return PyFloat_FromDouble(dx);
		}

#ifndef WITHOUT_COMPLEX
	case TYPE_COMPLEX:
		{
			char buf[256];
			Py_complex c;
			n = r_byte(p);
			if (r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
					"EOF read where object expected");
				return NULL;
			}
			buf[n] = '\0';
			PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
			c.real = atof(buf);
			PyFPE_END_PROTECT(c)
			n = r_byte(p);
			if (r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
					"EOF read where object expected");
				return NULL;
			}
			buf[n] = '\0';
			PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
			c.imag = atof(buf);
			PyFPE_END_PROTECT(c)
			return PyComplex_FromCComplex(c);
		}
#endif

	case TYPE_STRING:
		n = r_long(p);
		if (n < 0) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
			return NULL;
		}
		v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, n);
		if (v != NULL) {
			if (r_string(PyString_AS_STRING(v), (int)n, p) != n) {
				Py_DECREF(v);
				v = NULL;
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
					"EOF read where object expected");
			}
		}
		return v;

#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
	case TYPE_UNICODE:
	    {
		char *buffer;

		n = r_long(p);
		if (n < 0) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
			return NULL;
		}
		buffer = PyMem_NEW(char, n);
		if (buffer == NULL)
			return PyErr_NoMemory();
		if (r_string(buffer, (int)n, p) != n) {
			PyMem_DEL(buffer);
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
				"EOF read where object expected");
			return NULL;
		}
		v = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(buffer, n, NULL);
		PyMem_DEL(buffer);
		return v;
	    }
#endif

	case TYPE_TUPLE:
		n = r_long(p);
		if (n < 0) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
			return NULL;
		}
		v = PyTuple_New((int)n);
		if (v == NULL)
			return v;
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			v2 = r_object(p);
			if ( v2 == NULL ) {
				Py_DECREF(v);
				v = NULL;
				break;
			}
			PyTuple_SET_ITEM(v, (int)i, v2);
		}
		return v;

	case TYPE_LIST:
		n = r_long(p);
		if (n < 0) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
			return NULL;
		}
		v = PyList_New((int)n);
		if (v == NULL)
			return v;
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			v2 = r_object(p);
			if ( v2 == NULL ) {
				Py_DECREF(v);
				v = NULL;
				break;
			}
			PyList_SetItem(v, (int)i, v2);
		}
		return v;

	case TYPE_DICT:
		v = PyDict_New();
		if (v == NULL)
			return NULL;
		for (;;) {
			PyObject *key, *val;
			key = r_object(p);
			if (key == NULL)
				break; /* XXX Assume TYPE_NULL, not an error */
			val = r_object(p);
			if (val != NULL)
				PyDict_SetItem(v, key, val);
			Py_DECREF(key);
			Py_XDECREF(val);
		}
		return v;

	case TYPE_CODE:
		if (PyEval_GetRestricted()) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
				"cannot unmarshal code objects in "
				"restricted execution mode");
			return NULL;
		}
		else {
			int argcount = r_short(p);
			int nlocals = r_short(p);
			int stacksize = r_short(p);
			int flags = r_short(p);
			PyObject *code = NULL;
			PyObject *consts = NULL;
			PyObject *names = NULL;
			PyObject *varnames = NULL;
			PyObject *freevars = NULL;
			PyObject *cellvars = NULL;
			PyObject *filename = NULL;
			PyObject *name = NULL;
			int firstlineno = 0;
			PyObject *lnotab = NULL;

			code = r_object(p);
			if (code) consts = r_object(p);
			if (consts) names = r_object(p);
			if (names) varnames = r_object(p);
			if (varnames) freevars = r_object(p);
			if (freevars) cellvars = r_object(p);
			if (cellvars) filename = r_object(p);
			if (filename) name = r_object(p);
			if (name) {
				firstlineno = r_short(p);
				lnotab = r_object(p);
			}

			if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
				v = (PyObject *) PyCode_New(
					argcount, nlocals, stacksize, flags,
					code, consts, names, varnames,
					freevars, cellvars, filename, name,
					firstlineno, lnotab);
			}
			else
				v = NULL;
			Py_XDECREF(code);
			Py_XDECREF(consts);
			Py_XDECREF(names);
			Py_XDECREF(varnames);
			Py_XDECREF(freevars);
			Py_XDECREF(cellvars);
			Py_XDECREF(filename);
			Py_XDECREF(name);
			Py_XDECREF(lnotab);

		}
		return v;

	default:
		/* Bogus data got written, which isn't ideal.
		   This will let you keep working and recover. */
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
		return NULL;

	}
}

long
PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
	RFILE rf;
	rf.fp = fp;
	return r_long(&rf);
}

#ifdef HAVE_FSTAT
/* Return size of file in bytes; < 0 if unknown. */
static off_t
getfilesize(FILE *fp)
{
	struct stat st;
	if (fstat(fileno(fp), &st) != 0)
		return -1;
	else
		return st.st_size;
}
#endif

/* If we can get the size of the file up-front, and it's reasonably small,
 * read it in one gulp and delegate to ...FromString() instead.  Much quicker
 * than reading a byte at a time from file; speeds .pyc imports.
 * CAUTION:  since this may read the entire remainder of the file, don't
 * call it unless you know you're done with the file.
 */
PyObject *
PyMarshal_ReadLastObjectFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
/* 75% of 2.1's .pyc files can exploit SMALL_FILE_LIMIT.
 * REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT is by defn something big enough for Tkinter.pyc.
 */
#define SMALL_FILE_LIMIT (1L << 14)
#define REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT (1L << 18)
#ifdef HAVE_FSTAT
	off_t filesize;
#endif
	if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
		fprintf(stderr, "XXX rd_object called with exception set\n");
		return NULL;
	}
#ifdef HAVE_FSTAT
	filesize = getfilesize(fp);
	if (filesize > 0) {
		char buf[SMALL_FILE_LIMIT];
		char* pBuf = NULL;
		if (filesize <= SMALL_FILE_LIMIT)
			pBuf = buf;
		else if (filesize <= REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT)
			pBuf = (char *)PyMem_MALLOC(filesize);
		if (pBuf != NULL) {
			PyObject* v;
			size_t n = fread(pBuf, 1, filesize, fp);
			v = PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromString(pBuf, n);
			if (pBuf != buf)
				PyMem_FREE(pBuf);
			return v;
		}

	}
#endif
	/* We don't have fstat, or we do but the file is larger than
	 * REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT or malloc failed -- read a byte at a time.
	 */
	return PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromFile(fp);

#undef SMALL_FILE_LIMIT
#undef REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT
}

PyObject *
PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
	RFILE rf;
	if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
		fprintf(stderr, "XXX rd_object called with exception set\n");
		return NULL;
	}
	rf.fp = fp;
	return r_object(&rf);
}

PyObject *
PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromString(char *str, int len)
{
	RFILE rf;
	if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
		fprintf(stderr, "XXX rds_object called with exception set\n");
		return NULL;
	}
	rf.fp = NULL;
	rf.str = NULL;
	rf.ptr = str;
	rf.end = str + len;
	return r_object(&rf);
}

PyObject *
PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(PyObject *x) /* wrs_object() */
{
	WFILE wf;
	wf.fp = NULL;
	wf.str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, 50);
	if (wf.str == NULL)
		return NULL;
	wf.ptr = PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)wf.str);
	wf.end = wf.ptr + PyString_Size(wf.str);
	wf.error = 0;
	wf.depth = 0;
	w_object(x, &wf);
	if (wf.str != NULL)
		_PyString_Resize(&wf.str,
		    (int) (wf.ptr -
			   PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)wf.str)));
	if (wf.error) {
		Py_XDECREF(wf.str);
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				(wf.error==1)?"unmarshallable object"
				:"object too deeply nested to marshal");
		return NULL;
	}
	return wf.str;
}

/* And an interface for Python programs... */

static PyObject *
marshal_dump(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	WFILE wf;
	PyObject *x;
	PyObject *f;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO:dump", &x, &f))
		return NULL;
	if (!PyFile_Check(f)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"marshal.dump() 2nd arg must be file");
		return NULL;
	}
	wf.fp = PyFile_AsFile(f);
	wf.str = NULL;
	wf.ptr = wf.end = NULL;
	wf.error = 0;
	wf.depth = 0;
	w_object(x, &wf);
	if (wf.error) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				(wf.error==1)?"unmarshallable object"
				:"object too deeply nested to marshal");
		return NULL;
	}
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
marshal_load(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	RFILE rf;
	PyObject *f;
	PyObject *v;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:load", &f))
		return NULL;
	if (!PyFile_Check(f)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"marshal.load() arg must be file");
		return NULL;
	}
	rf.fp = PyFile_AsFile(f);
	rf.str = NULL;
	rf.ptr = rf.end = NULL;
	PyErr_Clear();
	v = r_object(&rf);
	if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
		Py_XDECREF(v);
		v = NULL;
	}
	return v;
}

static PyObject *
marshal_dumps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	PyObject *x;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:dumps", &x))
		return NULL;
	return PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(x);
}

static PyObject *
marshal_loads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	RFILE rf;
	PyObject *v;
	char *s;
	int n;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#:loads", &s, &n))
		return NULL;
	rf.fp = NULL;
	rf.str = args;
	rf.ptr = s;
	rf.end = s + n;
	PyErr_Clear();
	v = r_object(&rf);
	if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
		Py_XDECREF(v);
		v = NULL;
	}
	return v;
}

static PyMethodDef marshal_methods[] = {
	{"dump",	marshal_dump,	1},
	{"load",	marshal_load,	1},
	{"dumps",	marshal_dumps,	1},
	{"loads",	marshal_loads,	1},
	{NULL,		NULL}		/* sentinel */
};

void
PyMarshal_Init(void)
{
	(void) Py_InitModule("marshal", marshal_methods);
}