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239 lines
9.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
239 lines
9.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`!fcntl` --- The ``fcntl`` and ``ioctl`` system calls
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==========================================================
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.. module:: fcntl
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:platform: Unix
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:synopsis: The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.
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.. sectionauthor:: Jaap Vermeulen
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.. index::
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pair: UNIX; file control
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pair: UNIX; I/O control
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----------------
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This module performs file and I/O control on file descriptors. It is an
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interface to the :c:func:`fcntl` and :c:func:`ioctl` Unix routines.
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See the :manpage:`fcntl(2)` and :manpage:`ioctl(2)` Unix manual pages
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for full details.
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.. availability:: Unix, not WASI.
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All functions in this module take a file descriptor *fd* as their first
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argument. This can be an integer file descriptor, such as returned by
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``sys.stdin.fileno()``, or an :class:`io.IOBase` object, such as ``sys.stdin``
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itself, which provides a :meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno` that returns a genuine file
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descriptor.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Operations in this module used to raise an :exc:`IOError` where they now
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raise an :exc:`OSError`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8
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The :mod:`!fcntl` module now contains ``F_ADD_SEALS``, ``F_GET_SEALS``, and
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``F_SEAL_*`` constants for sealing of :func:`os.memfd_create` file
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descriptors.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.9
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On macOS, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_GETPATH`` constant,
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which obtains the path of a file from a file descriptor.
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On Linux(>=3.15), the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_OFD_GETLK``,
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``F_OFD_SETLK`` and ``F_OFD_SETLKW`` constants, which are used when working
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with open file description locks.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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On Linux >= 2.6.11, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_GETPIPE_SZ`` and
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``F_SETPIPE_SZ`` constants, which allow to check and modify a pipe's size
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respectively.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.11
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On FreeBSD, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_DUP2FD`` and
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``F_DUP2FD_CLOEXEC`` constants, which allow to duplicate a file descriptor,
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the latter setting ``FD_CLOEXEC`` flag in addition.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.12
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On Linux >= 4.5, the :mod:`fcntl` module exposes the ``FICLONE`` and
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``FICLONERANGE`` constants, which allow to share some data of one file with
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another file by reflinking on some filesystems (e.g., btrfs, OCFS2, and
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XFS). This behavior is commonly referred to as "copy-on-write".
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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On Linux >= 2.6.32, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the
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``F_GETOWN_EX``, ``F_SETOWN_EX``, ``F_OWNER_TID``, ``F_OWNER_PID``, ``F_OWNER_PGRP`` constants, which allow to direct I/O availability signals
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to a specific thread, process, or process group.
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On Linux >= 4.13, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the
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``F_GET_RW_HINT``, ``F_SET_RW_HINT``, ``F_GET_FILE_RW_HINT``,
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``F_SET_FILE_RW_HINT``, and ``RWH_WRITE_LIFE_*`` constants, which allow
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to inform the kernel about the relative expected lifetime of writes on
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a given inode or via a particular open file description.
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On Linux >= 5.1 and NetBSD, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the
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``F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE`` constant for use with ``F_ADD_SEALS`` and
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``F_GET_SEALS`` operations.
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On FreeBSD, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_READAHEAD``, ``F_ISUNIONSTACK``, and ``F_KINFO`` constants.
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On macOS and FreeBSD, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_RDAHEAD``
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constant.
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On NetBSD and AIX, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_CLOSEM``
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constant.
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On NetBSD, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_MAXFD`` constant.
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On macOS and NetBSD, the :mod:`!fcntl` module exposes the ``F_GETNOSIGPIPE``
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and ``F_SETNOSIGPIPE`` constant.
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The module defines the following functions:
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.. function:: fcntl(fd, cmd, arg=0)
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Perform the operation *cmd* on file descriptor *fd* (file objects providing
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a :meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno` method are accepted as well). The values used
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for *cmd* are operating system dependent, and are available as constants
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in the :mod:`fcntl` module, using the same names as used in the relevant C
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header files. The argument *arg* can either be an integer value, or a
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:class:`bytes` object. With an integer value, the return value of this
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function is the integer return value of the C :c:func:`fcntl` call. When
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the argument is bytes it represents a binary structure, e.g. created by
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:func:`struct.pack`. The binary data is copied to a buffer whose address is
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passed to the C :c:func:`fcntl` call. The return value after a successful
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call is the contents of the buffer, converted to a :class:`bytes` object.
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The length of the returned object will be the same as the length of the
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*arg* argument. This is limited to 1024 bytes. If the information returned
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in the buffer by the operating system is larger than 1024 bytes, this is
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most likely to result in a segmentation violation or a more subtle data
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corruption.
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If the :c:func:`fcntl` call fails, an :exc:`OSError` is raised.
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.. audit-event:: fcntl.fcntl fd,cmd,arg fcntl.fcntl
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.. function:: ioctl(fd, request, arg=0, mutate_flag=True)
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This function is identical to the :func:`~fcntl.fcntl` function, except
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that the argument handling is even more complicated.
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The *request* parameter is limited to values that can fit in 32-bits.
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Additional constants of interest for use as the *request* argument can be
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found in the :mod:`termios` module, under the same names as used in
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the relevant C header files.
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The parameter *arg* can be one of an integer, an object supporting the
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read-only buffer interface (like :class:`bytes`) or an object supporting
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the read-write buffer interface (like :class:`bytearray`).
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In all but the last case, behaviour is as for the :func:`~fcntl.fcntl`
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function.
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If a mutable buffer is passed, then the behaviour is determined by the value of
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the *mutate_flag* parameter.
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If it is false, the buffer's mutability is ignored and behaviour is as for a
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read-only buffer, except that the 1024 byte limit mentioned above is avoided --
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so long as the buffer you pass is at least as long as what the operating system
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wants to put there, things should work.
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If *mutate_flag* is true (the default), then the buffer is (in effect) passed
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to the underlying :func:`ioctl` system call, the latter's return code is
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passed back to the calling Python, and the buffer's new contents reflect the
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action of the :func:`ioctl`. This is a slight simplification, because if the
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supplied buffer is less than 1024 bytes long it is first copied into a static
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buffer 1024 bytes long which is then passed to :func:`ioctl` and copied back
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into the supplied buffer.
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If the :c:func:`ioctl` call fails, an :exc:`OSError` exception is raised.
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An example::
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>>> import array, fcntl, struct, termios, os
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>>> os.getpgrp()
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13341
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>>> struct.unpack('h', fcntl.ioctl(0, termios.TIOCGPGRP, " "))[0]
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13341
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>>> buf = array.array('h', [0])
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>>> fcntl.ioctl(0, termios.TIOCGPGRP, buf, 1)
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0
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>>> buf
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array('h', [13341])
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.. audit-event:: fcntl.ioctl fd,request,arg fcntl.ioctl
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.. function:: flock(fd, operation)
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Perform the lock operation *operation* on file descriptor *fd* (file objects providing
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a :meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno` method are accepted as well). See the Unix manual
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:manpage:`flock(2)` for details. (On some systems, this function is emulated
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using :c:func:`fcntl`.)
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If the :c:func:`flock` call fails, an :exc:`OSError` exception is raised.
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.. audit-event:: fcntl.flock fd,operation fcntl.flock
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.. function:: lockf(fd, cmd, len=0, start=0, whence=0)
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This is essentially a wrapper around the :func:`~fcntl.fcntl` locking calls.
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*fd* is the file descriptor (file objects providing a :meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno`
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method are accepted as well) of the file to lock or unlock, and *cmd*
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is one of the following values:
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.. data:: LOCK_UN
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Release an existing lock.
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.. data:: LOCK_SH
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Acquire a shared lock.
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.. data:: LOCK_EX
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Acquire an exclusive lock.
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.. data:: LOCK_NB
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Bitwise OR with any of the other three ``LOCK_*`` constants to make
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the request non-blocking.
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If :const:`!LOCK_NB` is used and the lock cannot be acquired, an
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:exc:`OSError` will be raised and the exception will have an *errno*
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attribute set to :const:`~errno.EACCES` or :const:`~errno.EAGAIN` (depending on the
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operating system; for portability, check for both values). On at least some
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systems, :const:`!LOCK_EX` can only be used if the file descriptor refers to a
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file opened for writing.
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*len* is the number of bytes to lock, *start* is the byte offset at
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which the lock starts, relative to *whence*, and *whence* is as with
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:func:`io.IOBase.seek`, specifically:
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* ``0`` -- relative to the start of the file (:const:`os.SEEK_SET`)
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* ``1`` -- relative to the current buffer position (:const:`os.SEEK_CUR`)
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* ``2`` -- relative to the end of the file (:const:`os.SEEK_END`)
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The default for *start* is 0, which means to start at the beginning of the file.
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The default for *len* is 0 which means to lock to the end of the file. The
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default for *whence* is also 0.
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.. audit-event:: fcntl.lockf fd,cmd,len,start,whence fcntl.lockf
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Examples (all on a SVR4 compliant system)::
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import struct, fcntl, os
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f = open(...)
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rv = fcntl.fcntl(f, fcntl.F_SETFL, os.O_NDELAY)
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lockdata = struct.pack('hhllhh', fcntl.F_WRLCK, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
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rv = fcntl.fcntl(f, fcntl.F_SETLKW, lockdata)
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Note that in the first example the return value variable *rv* will hold an
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integer value; in the second example it will hold a :class:`bytes` object. The
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structure lay-out for the *lockdata* variable is system dependent --- therefore
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using the :func:`flock` call may be better.
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`os`
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If the locking flags :const:`~os.O_SHLOCK` and :const:`~os.O_EXLOCK` are
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present in the :mod:`os` module (on BSD only), the :func:`os.open`
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function provides an alternative to the :func:`lockf` and :func:`flock`
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functions.
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