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cpython/Lib/textwrap.py

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"""Text wrapping and filling.
"""
# Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Gregory P. Ward.
# Copyright (C) 2002 Python Software Foundation.
# Written by Greg Ward <gward@python.net>
import re
__all__ = ['TextWrapper', 'wrap', 'fill', 'dedent', 'indent', 'shorten']
# Hardcode the recognized whitespace characters to the US-ASCII
# whitespace characters. The main reason for doing this is that
# some Unicode spaces (like \u00a0) are non-breaking whitespaces.
_whitespace = '\t\n\x0b\x0c\r '
class TextWrapper:
"""
Object for wrapping/filling text. The public interface consists of
the wrap() and fill() methods; the other methods are just there for
subclasses to override in order to tweak the default behaviour.
If you want to completely replace the main wrapping algorithm,
you'll probably have to override _wrap_chunks().
Several instance attributes control various aspects of wrapping:
width (default: 70)
the maximum width of wrapped lines (unless break_long_words
is false)
initial_indent (default: "")
string that will be prepended to the first line of wrapped
output. Counts towards the line's width.
subsequent_indent (default: "")
string that will be prepended to all lines save the first
of wrapped output; also counts towards each line's width.
expand_tabs (default: true)
Expand tabs in input text to spaces before further processing.
Each tab will become 0 .. 'tabsize' spaces, depending on its position
in its line. If false, each tab is treated as a single character.
tabsize (default: 8)
Expand tabs in input text to 0 .. 'tabsize' spaces, unless
'expand_tabs' is false.
replace_whitespace (default: true)
Replace all whitespace characters in the input text by spaces
after tab expansion. Note that if expand_tabs is false and
replace_whitespace is true, every tab will be converted to a
single space!
fix_sentence_endings (default: false)
Ensure that sentence-ending punctuation is always followed
by two spaces. Off by default because the algorithm is
(unavoidably) imperfect.
break_long_words (default: true)
Break words longer than 'width'. If false, those words will not
be broken, and some lines might be longer than 'width'.
break_on_hyphens (default: true)
Allow breaking hyphenated words. If true, wrapping will occur
preferably on whitespaces and right after hyphens part of
compound words.
drop_whitespace (default: true)
Drop leading and trailing whitespace from lines.
max_lines (default: None)
Truncate wrapped lines.
placeholder (default: ' [...]')
Append to the last line of truncated text.
"""
unicode_whitespace_trans = dict.fromkeys(map(ord, _whitespace), ord(' '))
# This funky little regex is just the trick for splitting
# text up into word-wrappable chunks. E.g.
# "Hello there -- you goof-ball, use the -b option!"
# splits into
# Hello/ /there/ /--/ /you/ /goof-/ball,/ /use/ /the/ /-b/ /option!
# (after stripping out empty strings).
word_punct = r'[\w!"\'&.,?]'
letter = r'[^\d\W]'
whitespace = r'[%s]' % re.escape(_whitespace)
nowhitespace = '[^' + whitespace[1:]
wordsep_re = re.compile(r'''
( # any whitespace
%(ws)s+
| # em-dash between words
(?<=%(wp)s) -{2,} (?=\w)
| # word, possibly hyphenated
%(nws)s+? (?:
# hyphenated word
-(?: (?<=%(lt)s{2}-) | (?<=%(lt)s-%(lt)s-))
(?= %(lt)s -? %(lt)s)
| # end of word
(?=%(ws)s|\Z)
| # em-dash
(?<=%(wp)s) (?=-{2,}\w)
)
)''' % {'wp': word_punct, 'lt': letter,
'ws': whitespace, 'nws': nowhitespace},
re.VERBOSE)
del word_punct, letter, nowhitespace
# This less funky little regex just split on recognized spaces. E.g.
# "Hello there -- you goof-ball, use the -b option!"
# splits into
# Hello/ /there/ /--/ /you/ /goof-ball,/ /use/ /the/ /-b/ /option!/
wordsep_simple_re = re.compile(r'(%s+)' % whitespace)
del whitespace
# XXX this is not locale- or charset-aware -- string.lowercase
# is US-ASCII only (and therefore English-only)
sentence_end_re = re.compile(r'[a-z]' # lowercase letter
r'[\.\!\?]' # sentence-ending punct.
r'[\"\']?' # optional end-of-quote
r'\Z') # end of chunk
def __init__(self,
width=70,
initial_indent="",
subsequent_indent="",
expand_tabs=True,
replace_whitespace=True,
fix_sentence_endings=False,
break_long_words=True,
drop_whitespace=True,
break_on_hyphens=True,
tabsize=8,
*,
max_lines=None,
placeholder=' [...]'):
self.width = width
self.initial_indent = initial_indent
self.subsequent_indent = subsequent_indent
self.expand_tabs = expand_tabs
self.replace_whitespace = replace_whitespace
self.fix_sentence_endings = fix_sentence_endings
self.break_long_words = break_long_words
self.drop_whitespace = drop_whitespace
self.break_on_hyphens = break_on_hyphens
self.tabsize = tabsize
self.max_lines = max_lines
self.placeholder = placeholder
# -- Private methods -----------------------------------------------
# (possibly useful for subclasses to override)
def _munge_whitespace(self, text):
"""_munge_whitespace(text : string) -> string
Munge whitespace in text: expand tabs and convert all other
whitespace characters to spaces. Eg. " foo\\tbar\\n\\nbaz"
becomes " foo bar baz".
"""
if self.expand_tabs:
text = text.expandtabs(self.tabsize)
if self.replace_whitespace:
text = text.translate(self.unicode_whitespace_trans)
return text
def _split(self, text):
"""_split(text : string) -> [string]
Split the text to wrap into indivisible chunks. Chunks are
not quite the same as words; see _wrap_chunks() for full
details. As an example, the text
Look, goof-ball -- use the -b option!
breaks into the following chunks:
'Look,', ' ', 'goof-', 'ball', ' ', '--', ' ',
'use', ' ', 'the', ' ', '-b', ' ', 'option!'
if break_on_hyphens is True, or in:
'Look,', ' ', 'goof-ball', ' ', '--', ' ',
'use', ' ', 'the', ' ', '-b', ' ', option!'
otherwise.
"""
if self.break_on_hyphens is True:
chunks = self.wordsep_re.split(text)
else:
chunks = self.wordsep_simple_re.split(text)
chunks = [c for c in chunks if c]
return chunks
def _fix_sentence_endings(self, chunks):
"""_fix_sentence_endings(chunks : [string])
Correct for sentence endings buried in 'chunks'. Eg. when the
original text contains "... foo.\\nBar ...", munge_whitespace()
and split() will convert that to [..., "foo.", " ", "Bar", ...]
which has one too few spaces; this method simply changes the one
space to two.
"""
i = 0
patsearch = self.sentence_end_re.search
while i < len(chunks)-1:
if chunks[i+1] == " " and patsearch(chunks[i]):
chunks[i+1] = " "
i += 2
else:
i += 1
def _handle_long_word(self, reversed_chunks, cur_line, cur_len, width):
"""_handle_long_word(chunks : [string],
cur_line : [string],
cur_len : int, width : int)
Handle a chunk of text (most likely a word, not whitespace) that
is too long to fit in any line.
"""
# Figure out when indent is larger than the specified width, and make
# sure at least one character is stripped off on every pass
if width < 1:
space_left = 1
else:
space_left = width - cur_len
# If we're allowed to break long words, then do so: put as much
# of the next chunk onto the current line as will fit.
if self.break_long_words:
end = space_left
chunk = reversed_chunks[-1]
if self.break_on_hyphens and len(chunk) > space_left:
# break after last hyphen, but only if there are
# non-hyphens before it
hyphen = chunk.rfind('-', 0, space_left)
if hyphen > 0 and any(c != '-' for c in chunk[:hyphen]):
end = hyphen + 1
cur_line.append(chunk[:end])
reversed_chunks[-1] = chunk[end:]
# Otherwise, we have to preserve the long word intact. Only add
# it to the current line if there's nothing already there --
# that minimizes how much we violate the width constraint.
elif not cur_line:
cur_line.append(reversed_chunks.pop())
# If we're not allowed to break long words, and there's already
# text on the current line, do nothing. Next time through the
# main loop of _wrap_chunks(), we'll wind up here again, but
# cur_len will be zero, so the next line will be entirely
# devoted to the long word that we can't handle right now.
def _wrap_chunks(self, chunks):
"""_wrap_chunks(chunks : [string]) -> [string]
Wrap a sequence of text chunks and return a list of lines of
length 'self.width' or less. (If 'break_long_words' is false,
some lines may be longer than this.) Chunks correspond roughly
to words and the whitespace between them: each chunk is
indivisible (modulo 'break_long_words'), but a line break can
come between any two chunks. Chunks should not have internal
whitespace; ie. a chunk is either all whitespace or a "word".
Whitespace chunks will be removed from the beginning and end of
lines, but apart from that whitespace is preserved.
"""
lines = []
if self.width <= 0:
raise ValueError("invalid width %r (must be > 0)" % self.width)
if self.max_lines is not None:
if self.max_lines > 1:
indent = self.subsequent_indent
else:
indent = self.initial_indent
if len(indent) + len(self.placeholder.lstrip()) > self.width:
raise ValueError("placeholder too large for max width")
# Arrange in reverse order so items can be efficiently popped
# from a stack of chucks.
chunks.reverse()
while chunks:
# Start the list of chunks that will make up the current line.
# cur_len is just the length of all the chunks in cur_line.
cur_line = []
cur_len = 0
# Figure out which static string will prefix this line.
if lines:
indent = self.subsequent_indent
else:
indent = self.initial_indent
# Maximum width for this line.
width = self.width - len(indent)
# First chunk on line is whitespace -- drop it, unless this
# is the very beginning of the text (ie. no lines started yet).
if self.drop_whitespace and chunks[-1].strip() == '' and lines:
del chunks[-1]
while chunks:
l = len(chunks[-1])
# Can at least squeeze this chunk onto the current line.
if cur_len + l <= width:
cur_line.append(chunks.pop())
cur_len += l
# Nope, this line is full.
else:
break
# The current line is full, and the next chunk is too big to
# fit on *any* line (not just this one).
if chunks and len(chunks[-1]) > width:
self._handle_long_word(chunks, cur_line, cur_len, width)
cur_len = sum(map(len, cur_line))
# If the last chunk on this line is all whitespace, drop it.
if self.drop_whitespace and cur_line and cur_line[-1].strip() == '':
cur_len -= len(cur_line[-1])
del cur_line[-1]
if cur_line:
if (self.max_lines is None or
len(lines) + 1 < self.max_lines or
(not chunks or
self.drop_whitespace and
len(chunks) == 1 and
not chunks[0].strip()) and cur_len <= width):
# Convert current line back to a string and store it in
# list of all lines (return value).
lines.append(indent + ''.join(cur_line))
else:
while cur_line:
if (cur_line[-1].strip() and
cur_len + len(self.placeholder) <= width):
cur_line.append(self.placeholder)
lines.append(indent + ''.join(cur_line))
break
cur_len -= len(cur_line[-1])
del cur_line[-1]
else:
if lines:
prev_line = lines[-1].rstrip()
if (len(prev_line) + len(self.placeholder) <=
self.width):
lines[-1] = prev_line + self.placeholder
break
lines.append(indent + self.placeholder.lstrip())
break
return lines
def _split_chunks(self, text):
text = self._munge_whitespace(text)
return self._split(text)
# -- Public interface ----------------------------------------------
def wrap(self, text):
"""wrap(text : string) -> [string]
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' so it fits in lines of
no more than 'self.width' columns, and return a list of wrapped
lines. Tabs in 'text' are expanded with string.expandtabs(),
and all other whitespace characters (including newline) are
converted to space.
"""
chunks = self._split_chunks(text)
if self.fix_sentence_endings:
self._fix_sentence_endings(chunks)
return self._wrap_chunks(chunks)
def fill(self, text):
"""fill(text : string) -> string
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' to fit in lines of no
more than 'self.width' columns, and return a new string
containing the entire wrapped paragraph.
"""
return "\n".join(self.wrap(text))
# -- Convenience interface ---------------------------------------------
def wrap(text, width=70, **kwargs):
"""Wrap a single paragraph of text, returning a list of wrapped lines.
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' so it fits in lines of no
more than 'width' columns, and return a list of wrapped lines. By
default, tabs in 'text' are expanded with string.expandtabs(), and
all other whitespace characters (including newline) are converted to
space. See TextWrapper class for available keyword args to customize
wrapping behaviour.
"""
w = TextWrapper(width=width, **kwargs)
return w.wrap(text)
def fill(text, width=70, **kwargs):
"""Fill a single paragraph of text, returning a new string.
Reformat the single paragraph in 'text' to fit in lines of no more
than 'width' columns, and return a new string containing the entire
wrapped paragraph. As with wrap(), tabs are expanded and other
whitespace characters converted to space. See TextWrapper class for
available keyword args to customize wrapping behaviour.
"""
w = TextWrapper(width=width, **kwargs)
return w.fill(text)
def shorten(text, width, **kwargs):
"""Collapse and truncate the given text to fit in the given width.
The text first has its whitespace collapsed. If it then fits in
the *width*, it is returned as is. Otherwise, as many words
as possible are joined and then the placeholder is appended::
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=12)
'Hello world!'
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=11)
'Hello [...]'
"""
w = TextWrapper(width=width, max_lines=1, **kwargs)
return w.fill(' '.join(text.strip().split()))
# -- Loosely related functionality -------------------------------------
_whitespace_only_re = re.compile('^[ \t]+$', re.MULTILINE)
_leading_whitespace_re = re.compile('(^[ \t]*)(?:[^ \t\n])', re.MULTILINE)
def dedent(text):
"""Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in `text`.
This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left
edge of the display, while still presenting them in the source code
in indented form.
Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they
are not equal: the lines " hello" and "\\thello" are
considered to have no common leading whitespace.
Entirely blank lines are normalized to a newline character.
"""
# Look for the longest leading string of spaces and tabs common to
# all lines.
margin = None
text = _whitespace_only_re.sub('', text)
indents = _leading_whitespace_re.findall(text)
for indent in indents:
if margin is None:
margin = indent
# Current line more deeply indented than previous winner:
# no change (previous winner is still on top).
elif indent.startswith(margin):
pass
# Current line consistent with and no deeper than previous winner:
# it's the new winner.
elif margin.startswith(indent):
margin = indent
# Find the largest common whitespace between current line and previous
# winner.
else:
for i, (x, y) in enumerate(zip(margin, indent)):
if x != y:
margin = margin[:i]
break
# sanity check (testing/debugging only)
if 0 and margin:
for line in text.split("\n"):
assert not line or line.startswith(margin), \
"line = %r, margin = %r" % (line, margin)
if margin:
text = re.sub(r'(?m)^' + margin, '', text)
return text
def indent(text, prefix, predicate=None):
"""Adds 'prefix' to the beginning of selected lines in 'text'.
If 'predicate' is provided, 'prefix' will only be added to the lines
where 'predicate(line)' is True. If 'predicate' is not provided,
it will default to adding 'prefix' to all non-empty lines that do not
consist solely of whitespace characters.
"""
if predicate is None:
# str.splitlines(True) doesn't produce empty string.
# ''.splitlines(True) => []
# 'foo\n'.splitlines(True) => ['foo\n']
# So we can use just `not s.isspace()` here.
predicate = lambda s: not s.isspace()
prefixed_lines = []
for line in text.splitlines(True):
if predicate(line):
prefixed_lines.append(prefix)
prefixed_lines.append(line)
return ''.join(prefixed_lines)
if __name__ == "__main__":
#print dedent("\tfoo\n\tbar")
#print dedent(" \thello there\n \t how are you?")
print(dedent("Hello there.\n This is indented."))
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