cmd/compile: renovate GOSSAHASH

Randomized feature enable/disable might be something we use to
help users debug any problems with changed loop variable capture,
and there's another CL that would like to use it to help in
locating places where "fused" multiply add instructions change
program behavior.

This CL:
- adds the ability to include an integer parameter (e.g. line number)
- replumbed the environment variable into a flag to simplify go build cache management
- but added an environment variable to allow flag setting through the environment
- which adds the possibility of switching on a different variable
  (if there's one built-in for variable capture, it shouldn't be GOSSAHASH)
- cleaned up the checking code
- adds tests for all the intended behavior
- removes the case for GSHS_LOGFILE; TBD whether we'll need to put that back
  or if there is another way.

Change-Id: I8503e1bb3dbc4a743aea696e04411ea7ab884787
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/443063
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com>

src/cmd/compile/internal/base/debug.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ type DebugFlags struct {
 	DwarfInl                   int    `help:"print information about DWARF inlined function creation"`
 	Export                     int    `help:"print export data"`
 	GCProg                     int    `help:"print dump of GC programs"`
+	Gossahash                  string `help:"hash value for use in debugging the compiler"`
 	InlFuncsWithClosures       int    `help:"allow functions with closures to be inlined"`
 	Libfuzzer                  int    `help:"enable coverage instrumentation for libfuzzer"`
 	LocationLists              int    `help:"print information about DWARF location list creation"`