runtime: make shrinkstack concurrent-safe

Currently shinkstack is only safe during STW because it adjusts
channel-related stack pointers and moves send/receive stack slots
without synchronizing with the channel code. Make it safe to use when
the world isn't stopped by:

1) Locking all channels the G is blocked on while adjusting the sudogs
   and copying the area of the stack that may contain send/receive
   slots.

2) For any stack frames that may contain send/receive slot, using an
   atomic CAS to adjust pointers to prevent races between adjusting a
   pointer in a receive slot and a concurrent send writing to that
   receive slot.

In principle, the synchronization could be finer-grained. For example,
we considered synchronizing around the sudogs, which would allow
channel operations involving other Gs to continue if the G being
shrunk was far enough down the send/receive queue. However, using the
channel lock means no additional locks are necessary in the channel
code. Furthermore, the stack shrinking code holds the channel lock for
a very short time (much less than the time required to shrink the
stack).

This does not yet make stack shrinking concurrent; it merely makes
doing so safe.

This has negligible effect on the go1 and garbage benchmarks.

For #12967.

Change-Id: Ia49df3a8a7be4b36e365aac4155a2416b94b988c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20042
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>

src/runtime/runtime2.go

@@ -215,7 +215,8 @@ type gobuf struct {
 // selecttype.
 type sudog struct {
 	// The following fields are protected by the hchan.lock of the
-	// channel this sudog is blocking on.
+	// channel this sudog is blocking on. shrinkstack depends on
+	// this.
 
 	g          *g
 	selectdone *uint32 // CAS to 1 to win select race (may point to stack)