cmd/compile: use sparse algorithm for phis in large program

This adds a sparse method for locating nearest ancestors
in a dominator tree, and checks blocks with more than one
predecessor for differences and inserts phi functions where
there are.

Uses reversed post order to cut number of passes, running
it from first def to last use ("last use" for paramout and
mem is end-of-program; last use for a phi input from a
backedge is the source of the back edge)

Includes a cutover from old algorithm to new to avoid paying
large constant factor for small programs.  This keeps normal
builds running at about the same time, while not running
over-long on large machine-generated inputs.

Add "phase" flags for ssa/build -- ssa/build/stats prints
number of blocks, values (before and after linking references
and inserting phis, so expansion can be measured), and their
product; the product governs the cutover, where a good value
seems to be somewhere between 1 and 5 million.

Among the files compiled by make.bash, this is the shape of
the tail of the distribution for #blocks, #vars, and their
product:

	 #blocks	#vars	    product
 max	6171	28180	173,898,780
99.9%	1641	 6548	 10,401,878
  99%	 463	 1909	    873,721
  95%	 152	  639	     95,235
  90%	  84	  359	     30,021

The old algorithm is indeed usually fastest, for 99%ile
values of usually.

The fix to LookupVarOutgoing
( https://go-review.googlesource.com/#/c/22790/ )
deals with some of the same problems addressed by this CL,
but on at least one bug ( #15537 ) this change is still
a significant help.

With this CL:
/tmp/gopath$ rm -rf pkg bin
/tmp/gopath$ time go get -v -gcflags -memprofile=y.mprof \
   github.com/gogo/protobuf/test/theproto3/combos/...
...
real	4m35.200s
user	13m16.644s
sys	0m36.712s
and pprof reports 3.4GB allocated in one of the larger profiles

With tip:
/tmp/gopath$ rm -rf pkg bin
/tmp/gopath$ time go get -v -gcflags -memprofile=y.mprof \
   github.com/gogo/protobuf/test/theproto3/combos/...
...
real	10m36.569s
user	25m52.286s
sys	4m3.696s
and pprof reports 8.3GB allocated in the same larger profile

With this CL, most of the compilation time on the benchmarked
input is spent in register/stack allocation (cumulative 53%)
and in the sparse lookup algorithm itself (cumulative 20%).

Fixes #15537.

Change-Id: Ia0299dda6a291534d8b08e5f9883216ded677a00
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/22342
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>

src/cmd/compile/internal/ssa/prove.go

@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ func prove(f *Func) {
 
 // getBranch returns the range restrictions added by p
 // when reaching b. p is the immediate dominator of b.
-func getBranch(sdom sparseTree, p *Block, b *Block) branch {
+func getBranch(sdom SparseTree, p *Block, b *Block) branch {
 	if p == nil || p.Kind != BlockIf {
 		return unknown
 	}