runtime: factor stoptheworld/starttheworld pattern

There are several steps to stopping and starting the world and
currently they're open-coded in several places. The garbage collector
is the only thing that needs to stop and start the world in a
non-trivial pattern. Replace all other uses with calls to higher-level
functions that implement the entire pattern necessary to stop and
start the world.

This is a pure refectoring and should not change any code semantics.
In the following commits, we'll make changes that are easier to do
with this abstraction in place.

This commit renames the old starttheworld to startTheWorldWithSema.
This is a slight misnomer right now because the callers release
worldsema just before calling this. However, a later commit will swap
these and I don't want to think of another name in the mean time.

Change-Id: I5dc97f87b44fb98963c49c777d7053653974c911
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/10154
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>

src/runtime/proc.go

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func acquireSudog() *sudog {
 	// acquireSudog, acquireSudog calls new(sudog),
 	// new calls malloc, malloc can call the garbage collector,
 	// and the garbage collector calls the semaphore implementation
-	// in stoptheworld.
+	// in stopTheWorld.
 	// Break the cycle by doing acquirem/releasem around new(sudog).
 	// The acquirem/releasem increments m.locks during new(sudog),
 	// which keeps the garbage collector from being invoked.