runtime: don't always adjust timers

Some programs have a lot of timers that they adjust both forward and
backward in time. This can cause a large number of timerModifiedEarlier
timers. In practice these timers are used for I/O deadlines and are
rarely reached. The effect is that the runtime spends a lot of time
in adjusttimers making sure that there are no timerModifiedEarlier
timers, but the effort is wasted because none of the adjusted timers
are near the top of the timer heap anyhow.

Avoid much of this extra work by keeping track of the earliest known
timerModifiedEarlier timer. This lets us skip adjusttimers if we know
that none of the timers will be ready to run anyhow. We will still
eventually run it, when we reach the deadline of the earliest known
timerModifiedEarlier, although in practice that timer has likely
been removed. When we do run adjusttimers, we will reset all of the
timerModifiedEarlier timers, and clear our notion of when we need
to run adjusttimers again.

This effect should be to significantly reduce the number of times we
walk through the timer list in adjusttimers.

Fixes #41699

Change-Id: I38eb2be611fb34e3017bb33d0a9ed40d75fb414f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/258303
Trust: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Trust: Emmanuel Odeke <emmanuel@orijtech.com>
Run-TryBot: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Knyszek <mknyszek@google.com>

src/runtime/runtime2.go

@@ -646,6 +646,13 @@ type p struct {
 	// This is 0 if the timer heap is empty.
 	timer0When uint64
 
+	// The earliest known nextwhen field of a timer with
+	// timerModifiedEarlier status. Because the timer may have been
+	// modified again, there need not be any timer with this value.
+	// This is updated using atomic functions.
+	// This is 0 if the value is unknown.
+	timerModifiedEarliest uint64
+
 	// Per-P GC state
 	gcAssistTime         int64    // Nanoseconds in assistAlloc
 	gcFractionalMarkTime int64    // Nanoseconds in fractional mark worker (atomic)