go/doc/code.html

<!--{
	"Title": "How to Write Go Code"
}-->

<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>

<p>
This document demonstrates the development of a simple Go package and
introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go tool</a>, the standard way to fetch,
build, and install Go packages and commands.
</p>

<p>
The <code>go</code> tool requires you to organize your code in a specific
way. Please read this document carefully.
It explains the simplest way to get up and running with your Go installation.
</p>

<p>
A similar explanation is available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
</p>


<h2 id="Organization">Code organization</h2>

<h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>

<ul>
	<li>Go programmers typically keep all their Go code in a single <i>workspace</i>.</li>
	<li>A workspace contains many version control <i>repositories</i>
	    (managed by Git, for example).</li>
	<li>Each repository contains one or more <i>packages</i>.</li>
	<li>Each package consists of one or more Go source files in a single directory.</li>
	<li>The path to a package's directory determines its <i>import path</i>.</li>
</ul>

<p>
Note that this differs from other programming environments in which every
project has a separate workspace and workspaces are closely tied to version
control repositories.
</p>

<h3 id="Workspaces">Workspaces</h3>

<p>
A workspace is a directory hierarchy with three directories at its root:
</p>

<ul>
<li><code>src</code> contains Go source files,
<li><code>pkg</code> contains package objects, and
<li><code>bin</code> contains executable commands.
</ul>

<p>
The <code>go</code> tool builds source packages and installs the resulting
binaries to the <code>pkg</code> and <code>bin</code> directories.
</p>

<p>
The <code>src</code> subdirectory typically contains multiple version control
repositories (such as for Git or Mercurial) that track the development of one
or more source packages.
</p>

<p>
To give you an idea of how a workspace looks in practice, here's an example:
</p>

<pre>
bin/
    hello                          # command executable
    outyet                         # command executable
pkg/
    linux_amd64/
        github.com/golang/example/
            stringutil.a           # package object
src/
    <a href="https://github.com/golang/example/">github.com/golang/example/</a>
        .git/                      # Git repository metadata
	hello/
	    hello.go               # command source
	outyet/
	    main.go                # command source
	    main_test.go           # test source
	stringutil/
	    reverse.go             # package source
	    reverse_test.go        # test source
    <a href="https://golang.org/x/image/">golang.org/x/image/</a>
        .git/                      # Git repository metadata
	bmp/
	    reader.go              # package source
	    writer.go              # package source
    ... (many more repositories and packages omitted) ...
</pre>

<p>
The tree above shows a workspace containing two repositories
(<code>example</code> and <code>image</code>).
The <code>example</code> repository contains two commands (<code>hello</code>
and <code>outyet</code>) and one library (<code>stringutil</code>).
The <code>image</code> repository contains the <code>bmp</code> package
and <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/image">several others</a>.
</p>

<p>
A typical workspace contains many source repositories containing many
packages and commands. Most Go programmers keep <i>all</i> their Go source code
and dependencies in a single workspace.
</p>

<p>
Commands and libraries are built from different kinds of source packages.
We will discuss the distinction <a href="#PackageNames">later</a>.
</p>


<h3 id="GOPATH">The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</h3>

<p>
The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable specifies the location of your
workspace. It defaults to a directory named <code>go</code> inside your home directory,
so <code>$HOME/go</code> on Unix,
<code>$home/go</code> on Plan 9,
and <code>%USERPROFILE%\go</code> (usually <code>C:\Users\YourName\go</code>) on Windows.
If you would like to work in a different location, you will need to set
<code>GOPATH</code> to the path to that directory.
(Another common setup is to set <code>GOPATH=$HOME</code>.)
Note that <code>GOPATH</code> must <b>not</b> be the
same path as your Go installation.
</p>

<p>
The command <code>go</code> <code>env</code> <code>GOPATH</code>
prints the effective current <code>GOPATH</code>;
it prints the default location if the environment variable is unset.
</p>

<p>
For convenience, add the workspace's <code>bin</code> subdirectory
to your <code>PATH</code>:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>export PATH=$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin</b>
</pre>

<p>
The scripts in the rest of this document use <code>$GOPATH</code>
instead of <code>$(go env GOPATH)</code> for brevity.
To make the scripts run as written
if you have not set GOPATH,
you can substitute $HOME/go in those commands
or else run:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>export GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH)</b>
</pre>

<p>
To learn more about the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable, see
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>'go help gopath'</code></a>.
</p>

<p>
To use a custom workspace location,
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="ImportPaths">Import paths</h3>

<p>
An <i>import path</i> is a string that uniquely identifies a package.
A package's import path corresponds to its location inside a workspace
or in a remote repository (explained below).
</p>

<p>
The packages from the standard library are given short import paths such as
<code>"fmt"</code> and <code>"net/http"</code>.
For your own packages, you must choose a base path that is unlikely to
collide with future additions to the standard library or other external
libraries.
</p>

<p>
If you keep your code in a source repository somewhere, then you should use the
root of that source repository as your base path.
For instance, if you have a <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> account at
<code>github.com/user</code>, that should be your base path.
</p>

<p>
Note that you don't need to publish your code to a remote repository before you
can build it. It's just a good habit to organize your code as if you will
publish it someday. In practice you can choose any arbitrary path name,
as long as it is unique to the standard library and greater Go ecosystem.
</p>

<p>
We'll use <code>github.com/user</code> as our base path. Create a directory
inside your workspace in which to keep source code:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/user</b>
</pre>


<h3 id="Command">Your first program</h3>

<p>
To compile and run a simple program, first choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/hello</code>) and create a corresponding package directory
inside your workspace:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>

<p>
Next, create a file named <code>hello.go</code> inside that directory,
containing the following Go code.
</p>

<pre>
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("Hello, world.\n")
}
</pre>

<p>
Now you can build and install that program with the <code>go</code> tool:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>

<p>
Note that you can run this command from anywhere on your system. The
<code>go</code> tool finds the source code by looking for the
<code>github.com/user/hello</code> package inside the workspace specified by
<code>GOPATH</code>.
</p>

<p>
You can also omit the package path if you run <code>go install</code> from the
package directory:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>go install</b>
</pre>

<p>
This command builds the <code>hello</code> command, producing an executable
binary. It then installs that binary to the workspace's <code>bin</code>
directory as <code>hello</code> (or, under Windows, <code>hello.exe</code>).
In our example, that will be <code>$GOPATH/bin/hello</code>, which is
<code>$HOME/work/bin/hello</code>.
</p>

<p>
The <code>go</code> tool will only print output when an error occurs, so if
these commands produce no output they have executed successfully.
</p>

<p>
You can now run the program by typing its full path at the command line:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>

<p>
Or, as you have added <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>,
just type the binary name:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>

<p>
If you're using a source control system, now would be a good time to initialize
a repository, add the files, and commit your first change. Again, this step is
optional: you do not need to use source control to write Go code.
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>git init</b>
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/work/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
$ <b>git add hello.go</b>
$ <b>git commit -m "initial commit"</b>
[master (root-commit) 0b4507d] initial commit
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
  create mode 100644 hello.go
</pre>

<p>
Pushing the code to a remote repository is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>


<h3 id="Library">Your first library</h3>

<p>
Let's write a library and use it from the <code>hello</code> program.
</p>

<p>
Again, the first step is to choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/stringutil</code>) and create the package directory:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>

<p>
Next, create a file named <code>reverse.go</code> in that directory with the
following contents.
</p>

<pre>
// Package stringutil contains utility functions for working with strings.
package stringutil

// Reverse returns its argument string reversed rune-wise left to right.
func Reverse(s string) string {
	r := []rune(s)
	for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i &lt; len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
		r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
	}
	return string(r)
}
</pre>

<p>
Now, test that the package compiles with <code>go build</code>:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go build github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>

<p>
Or, if you are working in the package's source directory, just:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go build</b>
</pre>

<p>
This won't produce an output file. To do that, you must use <code>go
install</code>, which places the package object inside the <code>pkg</code>
directory of the workspace.
</p>

<p>
After confirming that the <code>stringutil</code> package builds,
modify your original <code>hello.go</code> (which is in
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</code>) to use it:
</p>

<pre>
package main

import (
	"fmt"

	<b>"github.com/user/stringutil"</b>
)

func main() {
	fmt.Printf(stringutil.Reverse("!oG ,olleH"))
}
</pre>

<p>
Whenever the <code>go</code> tool installs a package or binary, it also
installs whatever dependencies it has.
So when you install the <code>hello</code> program
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>

<p>
the <code>stringutil</code> package will be installed as well, automatically.
</p>

<p>
Running the new version of the program, you should see a new, reversed message:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, Go!
</pre>

<p>
After the steps above, your workspace should look like this:
</p>

<pre>
bin/
    hello                 # command executable
pkg/
    linux_amd64/          # this will reflect your OS and architecture
        github.com/user/
            stringutil.a  # package object
src/
    github.com/user/
        hello/
            hello.go      # command source
        stringutil/
            reverse.go    # package source
</pre>

<p>
Note that <code>go install</code> placed the <code>stringutil.a</code> object
in a directory inside <code>pkg/linux_amd64</code> that mirrors its source
directory.
This is so that future invocations of the <code>go</code> tool can find the
package object and avoid recompiling the package unnecessarily.
The <code>linux_amd64</code> part is there to aid in cross-compilation,
and will reflect the operating system and architecture of your system.
</p>

<p>
Go command executables are statically linked; the package objects need not
be present to run Go programs.
</p>


<h3 id="PackageNames">Package names</h3>

<p>
The first statement in a Go source file must be
</p>

<pre>
package <i>name</i>
</pre>

<p>
where <code><i>name</i></code> is the package's default name for imports.
(All files in a package must use the same <code><i>name</i></code>.)
</p>

<p>
Go's convention is that the package name is the last element of the
import path: the package imported as "<code>crypto/rot13</code>"
should be named <code>rot13</code>.
</p>

<p>
Executable commands must always use <code>package main</code>.
</p>

<p>
There is no requirement that package names be unique
across all packages linked into a single binary,
only that the import paths (their full file names) be unique.
</p>

<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#names">Effective Go</a> to learn more about
Go's naming conventions.
</p>


<h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2>

<p>
Go has a lightweight test framework composed of the <code>go test</code>
command and the <code>testing</code> package.
</p>

<p>
You write a test by creating a file with a name ending in <code>_test.go</code>
that contains functions named <code>TestXXX</code> with signature
<code>func (t *testing.T)</code>.
The test framework runs each such function;
if the function calls a failure function such as <code>t.Error</code> or
<code>t.Fail</code>, the test is considered to have failed.
</p>

<p>
Add a test to the <code>stringutil</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil/reverse_test.go</code> containing
the following Go code.
</p>

<pre>
package stringutil

import "testing"

func TestReverse(t *testing.T) {
	cases := []struct {
		in, want string
	}{
		{"Hello, world", "dlrow ,olleH"},
		{"Hello, 世界", "界世 ,olleH"},
		{"", ""},
	}
	for _, c := range cases {
		got := Reverse(c.in)
		if got != c.want {
			t.Errorf("Reverse(%q) == %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
		}
	}
}
</pre>

<p>
Then run the test with <code>go test</code>:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go test github.com/user/stringutil</b>
ok  	github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
</pre>

<p>
As always, if you are running the <code>go</code> tool from the package
directory, you can omit the package path:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go test</b>
ok  	github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
</pre>

<p>
Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
<a href="/pkg/testing/">testing package documentation</a> for more detail.
</p>


<h2 id="remote">Remote packages</h2>

<p>
An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> tool uses
this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories.
For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a
Git repository hosted at GitHub
<code><a href="https://github.com/golang/example">github.com/golang/example</a></code>.
If you include the repository URL in the package's import path,
<code>go get</code> will fetch, build, and install it automatically:
</p>

<pre>
$ <b>go get github.com/golang/example/hello</b>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, Go examples!
</pre>

<p>
If the specified package is not present in a workspace, <code>go get</code>
will place it inside the first workspace specified by <code>GOPATH</code>.
(If the package does already exist, <code>go get</code> skips the remote
fetch and behaves the same as <code>go install</code>.)
</p>

<p>
After issuing the above <code>go get</code> command, the workspace directory
tree should now look like this:
</p>

<pre>
bin/
    hello                           # command executable
pkg/
    linux_amd64/
        github.com/golang/example/
            stringutil.a            # package object
        github.com/user/
            stringutil.a            # package object
src/
    github.com/golang/example/
	.git/                       # Git repository metadata
        hello/
            hello.go                # command source
        stringutil/
            reverse.go              # package source
            reverse_test.go         # test source
    github.com/user/
        hello/
            hello.go                # command source
        stringutil/
            reverse.go              # package source
            reverse_test.go         # test source
</pre>

<p>
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at GitHub depends on the
<code>stringutil</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the
<code>go get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent
package, too.
</p>

<pre>
import "github.com/golang/example/stringutil"
</pre>

<p>
This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for
others to use.
The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
and <a href="//godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
provide lists of external Go projects.
</p>

<p>
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> tool, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">go help importpath</a></code>.
</p>


<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>

<p>
Subscribe to the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
</p>

<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> for tips on writing
clear, idiomatic Go code.
</p>

<p>
Take <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
proper.
</p>

<p>
Visit the <a href="/doc/#articles">documentation page</a> for a set of in-depth
articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.
</p>


<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>

<p>
For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
<a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
</p>

<p>
The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
</p>

<p>
Report bugs using the
<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>