ladybird/Libraries/LibJS/Bytecode/Interpreter.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2021-2025, Andreas Kling <andreas@ladybird.org>
 * Copyright (c) 2025, Aliaksandr Kalenik <kalenik.aliaksandr@gmail.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#include <AK/Debug.h>
#include <AK/HashTable.h>
#include <AK/TemporaryChange.h>
#include <LibGC/RootHashMap.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/AsmInterpreter/AsmInterpreter.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/BasicBlock.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/Builtins.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/Debug.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/FormatOperand.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/Instruction.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/Label.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/Op.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/PropertyAccess.h>
#include <LibJS/Bytecode/PropertyNameIterator.h>
#include <LibJS/Export.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/AbstractOperations.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Accessor.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Array.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/AsyncFromSyncIterator.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/BigInt.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/ClassConstruction.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/CompletionCell.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/DeclarativeEnvironment.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/ECMAScriptFunctionObject.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Environment.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/FunctionEnvironment.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/GlobalEnvironment.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/GlobalObject.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Iterator.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/MathObject.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/ModuleEnvironment.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/NativeFunction.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/ObjectEnvironment.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Realm.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Reference.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/RegExpObject.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/StringConstructor.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/TypedArray.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/VM.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/Value.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/ValueInlines.h>
#include <LibJS/SourceTextModule.h>
#include <math.h>

namespace JS {

using namespace Bytecode;

bool Bytecode::g_dump_bytecode = false;

ALWAYS_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<bool> loosely_inequals(VM& vm, Value src1, Value src2)
{
    if (src1.tag() == src2.tag()) {
        if (src1.is_int32() || src1.is_object() || src1.is_boolean() || src1.is_nullish())
            return src1.encoded() != src2.encoded();
    }
    return !TRY(is_loosely_equal(vm, src1, src2));
}

ALWAYS_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<bool> loosely_equals(VM& vm, Value src1, Value src2)
{
    if (src1.tag() == src2.tag()) {
        if (src1.is_int32() || src1.is_object() || src1.is_boolean() || src1.is_nullish())
            return src1.encoded() == src2.encoded();
    }
    return TRY(is_loosely_equal(vm, src1, src2));
}

ALWAYS_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<bool> strict_inequals(VM&, Value src1, Value src2)
{
    if (src1.tag() == src2.tag()) {
        if (src1.is_int32() || src1.is_object() || src1.is_boolean() || src1.is_nullish())
            return src1.encoded() != src2.encoded();
    }
    return !is_strictly_equal(src1, src2);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<bool> strict_equals(VM&, Value src1, Value src2)
{
    if (src1.tag() == src2.tag()) {
        if (src1.is_int32() || src1.is_object() || src1.is_boolean() || src1.is_nullish())
            return src1.encoded() == src2.encoded();
    }
    return is_strictly_equal(src1, src2);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE Value VM::do_yield(Value value, Optional<Label> continuation)
{
    auto& context = running_execution_context();
    if (continuation.has_value())
        context.yield_continuation = continuation->address();
    else
        context.yield_continuation = ExecutionContext::no_yield_continuation;
    context.yield_is_await = false;
    return value;
}

// 16.1.6 ScriptEvaluation ( scriptRecord ), https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-runtime-semantics-scriptevaluation
ThrowCompletionOr<Value> VM::run(Script& script_record, GC::Ptr<Environment> lexical_environment_override)
{
    auto& vm = this->vm();

    // 1. Let globalEnv be scriptRecord.[[Realm]].[[GlobalEnv]].
    auto& global_environment = script_record.realm().global_environment();

    // NOTE: Spec steps are rearranged in order to compute number of registers+constants+locals before construction of the execution context.

    // 12. Let result be Completion(GlobalDeclarationInstantiation(script, globalEnv)).
    auto instantiation_result = script_record.global_declaration_instantiation(vm, global_environment);
    Completion result = instantiation_result.is_throw_completion() ? instantiation_result.throw_completion() : normal_completion(js_undefined());

    // 11. Let script be scriptRecord.[[ECMAScriptCode]].
    GC::Ptr<Executable> executable = script_record.cached_executable();
    if (executable && g_dump_bytecode)
        executable->dump();

    u32 registers_and_locals_count = 0;
    ReadonlySpan<Value> constants;
    if (executable) {
        registers_and_locals_count = executable->registers_and_locals_count;
        constants = executable->constants;
    }

    // 2. Let scriptContext be a new ECMAScript code execution context.
    auto& stack = vm.interpreter_stack();
    auto* stack_mark = stack.top();
    auto* script_context = stack.allocate(registers_and_locals_count, constants, 0);
    if (!script_context) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<InternalError>(ErrorType::CallStackSizeExceeded);
    ScopeGuard deallocate_guard = [&stack, stack_mark] { stack.deallocate(stack_mark); };

    // 3. Set the Function of scriptContext to null.
    // NOTE: This was done during execution context construction.

    // 4. Set the Realm of scriptContext to scriptRecord.[[Realm]].
    script_context->realm = &script_record.realm();

    // 5. Set the ScriptOrModule of scriptContext to scriptRecord.
    script_context->script_or_module = GC::Ref<Script>(script_record);

    // 6. Set the VariableEnvironment of scriptContext to globalEnv.
    script_context->variable_environment = &global_environment;

    // 7. Set the LexicalEnvironment of scriptContext to globalEnv.
    script_context->lexical_environment = &global_environment;

    // Non-standard: Override the lexical environment if requested.
    if (lexical_environment_override)
        script_context->lexical_environment = lexical_environment_override;

    // 8. Set the PrivateEnvironment of scriptContext to null.

    // 9. Suspend the currently running execution context.
    // 10. Push scriptContext onto the execution context stack; scriptContext is now the running execution context.
    TRY(vm.push_execution_context(*script_context, {}));

    // 13. If result.[[Type]] is normal, then
    if (executable && result.type() == Completion::Type::Normal) {
        // a. Set result to Completion(Evaluation of script).
        result = run_executable(*script_context, *executable, 0, {});

        // b. If result is a normal completion and result.[[Value]] is empty, then
        if (result.type() == Completion::Type::Normal && result.value().is_special_empty_value()) {
            // i. Set result to NormalCompletion(undefined).
            result = normal_completion(js_undefined());
        }
    }

    // 14. Suspend scriptContext and remove it from the execution context stack.
    vm.pop_execution_context();

    // 15. Assert: The execution context stack is not empty.
    VERIFY(!vm.execution_context_stack().is_empty());

    // FIXME: 16. Resume the context that is now on the top of the execution context stack as the running execution context.

    vm.finish_execution_generation();

    // 17. Return ? result.
    if (result.is_abrupt()) {
        VERIFY(result.type() == Completion::Type::Throw);
        return result.release_error();
    }

    return result.value();
}

ThrowCompletionOr<Value> VM::run(SourceTextModule& module)
{
    // FIXME: This is not a entry point as defined in the spec, but is convenient.
    //        To avoid work we use link_and_eval_module however that can already be
    //        dangerous if the vm loaded other modules.
    auto& vm = this->vm();

    TRY(vm.link_and_eval_module(module));

    vm.run_queued_promise_jobs();

    vm.run_queued_finalization_registry_cleanup_jobs();

    return js_undefined();
}

VM::HandleExceptionResponse VM::handle_exception(u32 program_counter, Value exception)
{
    for (;;) {
        auto handlers = current_executable().exception_handlers_for_offset(program_counter);
        if (handlers.has_value()) {
            reg(Register::exception()) = exception;
            m_running_execution_context->program_counter = handlers->handler_offset;
            return HandleExceptionResponse::ContinueInThisExecutable;
        }

        // If we're in an inline frame, unwind to the caller and try its handlers.
        if (m_running_execution_context->caller_frame) {
            auto* callee_frame = m_running_execution_context;
            auto* caller_frame = callee_frame->caller_frame;
            auto caller_pc = callee_frame->caller_return_pc;

            vm().interpreter_stack().deallocate(callee_frame);

            m_running_execution_context = caller_frame;

            // NB: caller_pc is the return address (one past the Call instruction).
            //     For handler lookup we need a PC inside the Call instruction,
            //     since the exception occurred during that call, not after it.
            //     Exception handler ranges use an exclusive end offset, so using
            //     caller_pc directly would miss a handler ending right at that address.
            program_counter = caller_pc - 1;
            continue;
        }

        reg(Register::exception()) = exception;
        return HandleExceptionResponse::ExitFromExecutable;
    }
}

ExecutionContext* VM::push_inline_frame(
    ECMAScriptFunctionObject& callee_function,
    Executable& callee_executable,
    ReadonlySpan<Operand> arguments,
    u32 return_pc,
    u32 dst_raw,
    Value this_value,
    Object* new_target,
    bool is_construct)
{
    auto& stack = vm().interpreter_stack();

    u32 insn_argument_count = arguments.size();
    size_t registers_and_locals_count = callee_executable.registers_and_locals_count;
    size_t argument_count = max(insn_argument_count, static_cast<u32>(callee_function.formal_parameter_count()));

    auto* callee_context = stack.allocate(registers_and_locals_count, callee_executable.constants, argument_count);
    if (!callee_context) [[unlikely]]
        return nullptr;

    // Copy arguments from caller's registers into callee's argument slots.
    auto* callee_argument_values = callee_context->arguments_data();
    for (u32 i = 0; i < insn_argument_count; ++i)
        callee_argument_values[i] = get(arguments[i]);
    for (size_t i = insn_argument_count; i < argument_count; ++i)
        callee_argument_values[i] = js_undefined();
    callee_context->passed_argument_count = insn_argument_count;

    // Set up caller linkage so Return can restore the caller frame.
    callee_context->caller_frame = m_running_execution_context;
    callee_context->caller_dst_raw = dst_raw;
    callee_context->caller_return_pc = return_pc;
    callee_context->caller_is_construct = is_construct;

    // Inlined PrepareForOrdinaryCall (avoids function call overhead on hot path).
    callee_context->function = &callee_function;
    callee_context->realm = callee_function.realm();
    callee_context->script_or_module = callee_function.m_script_or_module;
    if (callee_function.function_environment_needed()) {
        auto local_environment = new_function_environment(callee_function, new_target);
        local_environment->ensure_capacity(callee_function.shared_data().m_function_environment_bindings_count);
        callee_context->lexical_environment = local_environment;
        callee_context->variable_environment = local_environment;
    } else {
        callee_context->lexical_environment = callee_function.environment();
        callee_context->variable_environment = callee_function.environment();
    }
    callee_context->private_environment = callee_function.m_private_environment;

    // Inline JS-to-JS frames stay out of the VM execution context stack and
    // are tracked through caller_frame instead.
    m_running_execution_context = callee_context;

    // Bind this if the function uses it.
    if (callee_function.uses_this())
        callee_function.ordinary_call_bind_this(vm(), *callee_context, this_value);

    // Set up execution context fields that run_executable normally does.
    // NB: We must use the callee's realm (not the caller's) for global_object
    //     and global_declarative_environment, since the caller's realm may differ
    //     in cross-realm calls (e.g. iframe <-> parent).
    callee_context->executable = callee_executable;

    // Set this value register.
    auto* values = callee_context->registers_and_constants_and_locals_and_arguments();
    values[Register::this_value().index()] = callee_context->this_value.value_or(js_special_empty_value());

    return callee_context;
}

NEVER_INLINE bool VM::try_inline_call(Instruction const& insn, u32 current_pc)
{
    auto& instruction = static_cast<Op::Call const&>(insn);
    auto callee = get(instruction.callee());
    if (!callee.is_object())
        return false;
    auto& callee_object = callee.as_object();
    if (!is<ECMAScriptFunctionObject>(callee_object))
        return false;
    auto& callee_function = static_cast<ECMAScriptFunctionObject&>(callee_object);
    if (callee_function.kind() != FunctionKind::Normal
        || callee_function.is_class_constructor()
        || !callee_function.bytecode_executable())
        return false;

    u32 return_pc = current_pc + instruction.length();

    auto* callee_context = push_inline_frame(
        callee_function, *callee_function.bytecode_executable(),
        instruction.arguments(), return_pc, instruction.dst().raw(),
        get(instruction.this_value()), nullptr, false);

    if (!callee_context) [[unlikely]]
        return false;

    return true;
}

NEVER_INLINE bool VM::try_inline_call_construct(Instruction const& insn, u32 current_pc)
{
    auto& instruction = static_cast<Op::CallConstruct const&>(insn);
    auto callee = get(instruction.callee());
    if (!callee.is_object())
        return false;
    auto& callee_object = callee.as_object();
    if (!is<ECMAScriptFunctionObject>(callee_object))
        return false;
    auto& callee_function = static_cast<ECMAScriptFunctionObject&>(callee_object);
    if (!callee_function.has_constructor()
        || callee_function.constructor_kind() != ConstructorKind::Base
        || !callee_function.bytecode_executable())
        return false;

    // OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor: create the this object.
    auto prototype_or_error = get_prototype_from_constructor(vm(), callee_function, &Intrinsics::object_prototype);
    if (prototype_or_error.is_error()) [[unlikely]]
        return false;
    auto this_argument = Object::create(realm(), prototype_or_error.release_value());

    u32 return_pc = current_pc + instruction.length();

    auto* callee_context = push_inline_frame(
        callee_function, *callee_function.bytecode_executable(),
        instruction.arguments(), return_pc, instruction.dst().raw(),
        this_argument, &callee_function, true);

    if (!callee_context) [[unlikely]]
        return false;

    // Ensure this_value is set for construct return semantics.
    if (!callee_context->this_value.has_value())
        callee_context->this_value = Value(this_argument);

    // InitializeInstanceElements (can throw).
    auto init_result = this_argument->initialize_instance_elements(callee_function);
    if (init_result.is_throw_completion()) [[unlikely]] {
        m_running_execution_context = callee_context->caller_frame;
        vm().interpreter_stack().deallocate(callee_context);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

NEVER_INLINE void VM::pop_inline_frame(Value return_value)
{
    auto* callee_frame = m_running_execution_context;
    auto* caller_frame = callee_frame->caller_frame;
    auto caller_dst_raw = callee_frame->caller_dst_raw;
    auto caller_pc = callee_frame->caller_return_pc;

    // For base constructor calls, apply construct return semantics.
    if (callee_frame->caller_is_construct && !return_value.is_object())
        return_value = callee_frame->this_value.value();

    vm().interpreter_stack().deallocate(callee_frame);

    m_running_execution_context = caller_frame;
    caller_frame->program_counter = caller_pc;
    caller_frame->registers_and_constants_and_locals_and_arguments()[caller_dst_raw] = return_value;

    vm().finish_execution_generation();
}

void VM::run_bytecode(size_t entry_point)
{
    if (vm().interpreter_stack().is_exhausted() || vm().did_reach_stack_space_limit()) [[unlikely]] {
        reg(Register::exception()) = vm().throw_completion<InternalError>(ErrorType::CallStackSizeExceeded).value();
        return;
    }

    static bool const use_cpp_interpreter = []() {
        auto const* env = getenv("LIBJS_USE_CPP_INTERPRETER");
        return env && env[0] == '1';
    }();

    if (!use_cpp_interpreter && AsmInterpreter::is_available()) {
        AsmInterpreter::run(*this, entry_point);
        return;
    }

    u8 const* bytecode;
    u32 program_counter;

    // Declare a lookup table for computed goto with each of the `handle_*` labels
    // to avoid the overhead of a switch statement.
    // This is a GCC extension, but it's also supported by Clang.

    static void* const bytecode_dispatch_table[] = {
#define SET_UP_LABEL(name) &&handle_##name,
        ENUMERATE_BYTECODE_OPS(SET_UP_LABEL)
    };
#undef SET_UP_LABEL

#define DISPATCH_NEXT(name)                                                                         \
    do {                                                                                            \
        if constexpr (Op::name::IsVariableLength)                                                   \
            program_counter += instruction.length();                                                \
        else                                                                                        \
            program_counter += sizeof(Op::name);                                                    \
        m_running_execution_context->program_counter = program_counter;                             \
        auto& next_instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Instruction const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]); \
        goto* bytecode_dispatch_table[static_cast<size_t>(next_instruction.type())];                \
    } while (0)

// Reload bytecode and program_counter from the execution context after
// operations that may have changed the current executable (handle_exception
// unwinding inline frames, try_inline_call, pop_inline_frame).
#define RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START()                                              \
    do {                                                                     \
        bytecode = m_running_execution_context->executable->bytecode.data(); \
        program_counter = m_running_execution_context->program_counter;      \
        goto start;                                                          \
    } while (0)

    bytecode = current_executable().bytecode.data();
    program_counter = entry_point;

    for (;;) {
    start:
        m_running_execution_context->program_counter = program_counter;
        for (;;) {
            goto* bytecode_dispatch_table[static_cast<size_t>((*reinterpret_cast<Instruction const*>(&bytecode[program_counter])).type())];

        handle_Mov: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Mov const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            set(instruction.dst(), get(instruction.src()));
            DISPATCH_NEXT(Mov);
        }

        handle_Mov2: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Mov2 const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            set(instruction.dst1(), get(instruction.src1()));
            set(instruction.dst2(), get(instruction.src2()));
            DISPATCH_NEXT(Mov2);
        }

        handle_Mov3: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Mov3 const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            set(instruction.dst1(), get(instruction.src1()));
            set(instruction.dst2(), get(instruction.src2()));
            set(instruction.dst3(), get(instruction.src3()));
            DISPATCH_NEXT(Mov3);
        }

        handle_End: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::End const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            auto value = get(instruction.value());
            if (value.is_special_empty_value())
                value = js_undefined();
            if (m_running_execution_context->caller_frame) {
                pop_inline_frame(value);
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
            }
            reg(Register::return_value()) = value;
            return;
        }

        handle_Jump: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Jump const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            program_counter = instruction.target().address();
            goto start;
        }

        handle_JumpIf: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::JumpIf const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (get(instruction.condition()).to_boolean())
                program_counter = instruction.true_target().address();
            else
                program_counter = instruction.false_target().address();
            goto start;
        }

        handle_JumpTrue: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::JumpTrue const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (get(instruction.condition()).to_boolean()) {
                program_counter = instruction.target().address();
                goto start;
            }
            DISPATCH_NEXT(JumpTrue);
        }

        handle_JumpFalse: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::JumpFalse const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (!get(instruction.condition()).to_boolean()) {
                program_counter = instruction.target().address();
                goto start;
            }
            DISPATCH_NEXT(JumpFalse);
        }

        handle_JumpNullish: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::JumpNullish const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (get(instruction.condition()).is_nullish())
                program_counter = instruction.true_target().address();
            else
                program_counter = instruction.false_target().address();
            goto start;
        }

#define HANDLE_COMPARISON_OP(op_TitleCase, op_snake_case, numeric_operator)                                             \
    handle_Jump##op_TitleCase:                                                                                          \
    {                                                                                                                   \
        auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Jump##op_TitleCase const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);               \
        auto lhs = get(instruction.lhs());                                                                              \
        auto rhs = get(instruction.rhs());                                                                              \
        if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {                                                            \
            bool result;                                                                                                \
            if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {                                                                     \
                result = lhs.as_i32() numeric_operator rhs.as_i32();                                                    \
            } else {                                                                                                    \
                result = lhs.as_double() numeric_operator rhs.as_double();                                              \
            }                                                                                                           \
            program_counter = result ? instruction.true_target().address() : instruction.false_target().address();      \
            goto start;                                                                                                 \
        }                                                                                                               \
        auto result = op_snake_case(vm(), get(instruction.lhs()), get(instruction.rhs()));                              \
        if (result.is_error()) [[unlikely]] {                                                                           \
            if (handle_exception(program_counter, result.error_value()) == HandleExceptionResponse::ExitFromExecutable) \
                return;                                                                                                 \
            RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();                                                                                    \
        }                                                                                                               \
        if (result.value())                                                                                             \
            program_counter = instruction.true_target().address();                                                      \
        else                                                                                                            \
            program_counter = instruction.false_target().address();                                                     \
        goto start;                                                                                                     \
    }

            JS_ENUMERATE_COMPARISON_OPS(HANDLE_COMPARISON_OP)
#undef HANDLE_COMPARISON_OP

        handle_JumpUndefined: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::JumpUndefined const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (get(instruction.condition()).is_undefined())
                program_counter = instruction.true_target().address();
            else
                program_counter = instruction.false_target().address();
            goto start;
        }

#define HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(name)                                                                                            \
    handle_##name:                                                                                                          \
    {                                                                                                                       \
        auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::name const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);                                 \
        {                                                                                                                   \
            auto result = instruction.execute_impl(*this);                                                                  \
            if (result.is_error()) [[unlikely]] {                                                                           \
                if (handle_exception(program_counter, result.error_value()) == HandleExceptionResponse::ExitFromExecutable) \
                    return;                                                                                                 \
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();                                                                                    \
            }                                                                                                               \
        }                                                                                                                   \
        DISPATCH_NEXT(name);                                                                                                \
    }

#define HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(name)                                    \
    handle_##name:                                                                          \
    {                                                                                       \
        auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::name const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]); \
        instruction.execute_impl(*this);                                                    \
        DISPATCH_NEXT(name);                                                                \
    }

            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Add);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(AddPrivateName);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ArrayAppend);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(BitwiseAnd);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(BitwiseNot);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(BitwiseOr);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ToInt32);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ToString);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ToPrimitiveWithStringHint);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(BitwiseXor);
        handle_Call: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Call const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (try_inline_call(instruction, program_counter))
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
            auto result = instruction.execute_impl(*this);
            if (result.is_error()) [[unlikely]] {
                if (handle_exception(program_counter, result.error_value()) == HandleExceptionResponse::ExitFromExecutable)
                    return;
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
            }
            DISPATCH_NEXT(Call);
        }

#define HANDLE_CALL_BUILTIN_INSTRUCTION(name, ...) \
    HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CallBuiltin##name);
            JS_ENUMERATE_BUILTINS(HANDLE_CALL_BUILTIN_INSTRUCTION)
#undef HANDLE_CALL_BUILTIN_INSTRUCTION

        handle_CallConstruct: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::CallConstruct const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            if (try_inline_call_construct(instruction, program_counter))
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
            auto result = instruction.execute_impl(*this);
            if (result.is_error()) [[unlikely]] {
                if (handle_exception(program_counter, result.error_value()) == HandleExceptionResponse::ExitFromExecutable)
                    return;
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
            }
            DISPATCH_NEXT(CallConstruct);
        }

            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CallConstructWithArgumentArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CallDirectEval);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CallDirectEvalWithArgumentArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CallWithArgumentArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(Catch);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ConcatString);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CopyObjectExcludingProperties);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CreateAsyncFromSyncIterator);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CreateDataPropertyOrThrow);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CreateImmutableBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CreateMutableBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CreateLexicalEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CreateVariableEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CreatePrivateEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(CreateVariable);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CreateRestParams);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CreateArguments);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Decrement);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(DeleteById);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(DeleteByValue);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(DeleteVariable);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Div);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(EnterObjectEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Exp);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetById);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetByIdWithThis);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetByValue);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetByValueWithThis);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetCalleeAndThisFromEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(GetCompletionFields);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetGlobal);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(GetImportMeta);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(GetLexicalEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetIterator);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetLength);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetLengthWithThis);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetMethod);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(GetNewTarget);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetObjectPropertyIterator);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetPrivateById);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(GetTemplateObject);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GetInitializedBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GreaterThan);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(GreaterThanEquals);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(HasPrivateId);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ImportCall);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(In);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Increment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(InitializeLexicalBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(InitializeVariableBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(InstanceOf);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(IsCallable);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(IsConstructor);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(IteratorClose);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(IteratorNext);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(IteratorNextUnpack);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ObjectPropertyIteratorNext);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(IteratorToArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(LeavePrivateEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(LeftShift);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(LessThan);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(LessThanEquals);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(LooselyEquals);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(LooselyInequals);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Mod);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Mul);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(NewArrayWithLength);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(NewClass);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewFunction);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewObject);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(CacheObjectShape);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(InitObjectLiteralProperty);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewObjectWithNoPrototype);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewPrimitiveArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewRegExp);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewReferenceError);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(NewTypeError);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(Not);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PostfixDecrement);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PostfixIncrement);

            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PutById);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PutByIdWithThis);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PutByValue);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PutByValueWithThis);

            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PutBySpread);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(PutPrivateById);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ResolveSuperBase);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ResolveThisBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(RightShift);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(SetCompletionType);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(SetGlobal);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(SetLexicalEnvironment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(SetLexicalBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(SetVariableBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(StrictlyEquals);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(StrictlyInequals);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(Sub);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(SuperCallWithArgumentArray);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ThrowIfNotObject);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ThrowIfNullish);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ThrowIfTDZ);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ThrowConstAssignment);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ToLength);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(ToObject);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(ToBoolean);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_WITHOUT_EXCEPTION_CHECK(Typeof);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(TypeofBinding);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(UnaryMinus);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(UnaryPlus);
            HANDLE_INSTRUCTION(UnsignedRightShift);

        handle_Throw: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Throw const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            auto result = instruction.execute_impl(*this);
            if (handle_exception(program_counter, result.error_value()) == HandleExceptionResponse::ExitFromExecutable)
                return;
            RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
        }

        handle_Await: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Await const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            instruction.execute_impl(*this);
            return;
        }

        handle_Return: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Return const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            auto return_value = get(instruction.value());
            if (return_value.is_special_empty_value())
                return_value = js_undefined();
            if (m_running_execution_context->caller_frame) {
                pop_inline_frame(return_value);
                RELOAD_AND_GOTO_START();
            }
            reg(Register::return_value()) = return_value;
            reg(Register::exception()) = js_special_empty_value();
            return;
        }

        handle_Yield: {
            auto& instruction = *reinterpret_cast<Op::Yield const*>(&bytecode[program_counter]);
            instruction.execute_impl(*this);
            return;
        }
        }
    }
}

Utf16FlyString const& VM::get_identifier(IdentifierTableIndex index) const
{
    return m_running_execution_context->executable->get_identifier(index);
}

PropertyKey const& VM::get_property_key(PropertyKeyTableIndex index) const
{
    return m_running_execution_context->executable->get_property_key(index);
}

DeclarativeEnvironment& VM::global_declarative_environment()
{
    return realm().global_declarative_environment();
}

ThrowCompletionOr<Value> VM::run_executable(ExecutionContext& context, Executable& executable, u32 entry_point)
{
    dbgln_if(JS_BYTECODE_DEBUG, "VM will run bytecode unit {}", &executable);

    // NOTE: This is how we "push" a new execution context onto the VM's
    //       execution context stack.
    TemporaryChange restore_running_execution_context { m_running_execution_context, &context };

    context.executable = executable;

    VERIFY(executable.registers_and_locals_count + executable.constants.size() == executable.registers_and_locals_and_constants_count);
    VERIFY(executable.registers_and_locals_and_constants_count <= context.registers_and_constants_and_locals_and_arguments_span().size());

    // NOTE: We only copy the `this` value from ExecutionContext if it's not already set.
    //       If we are re-entering an async/generator context, the `this` value
    //       may have already been cached by a ResolveThisBinding instruction,
    //       and subsequent instructions expect this value to be set.
    if (reg(Register::this_value()).is_special_empty_value())
        reg(Register::this_value()) = context.this_value.value_or(js_special_empty_value());

    run_bytecode(entry_point);

    dbgln_if(JS_BYTECODE_DEBUG, "VM did run bytecode unit {}", context.executable);

    if constexpr (JS_BYTECODE_DEBUG) {
        auto* values = context.registers_and_constants_and_locals_and_arguments();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < executable.number_of_registers; ++i) {
            String value_string;
            if (values[i].is_special_empty_value())
                value_string = "(empty)"_string;
            else
                value_string = values[i].to_string_without_side_effects();
            dbgln("[{:3}] {}", i, value_string);
        }
    }

    vm().run_queued_promise_jobs();
    vm().finish_execution_generation();

    auto exception = reg(Register::exception());
    if (!exception.is_special_empty_value()) [[unlikely]]
        return JS::throw_completion(exception);

    return reg(Register::return_value());
}

void VM::catch_exception(Operand dst)
{
    set(dst, reg(Register::exception()));
    reg(Register::exception()) = js_special_empty_value();
}

// NOTE: This function assumes that the index is valid within the TypedArray,
//       and that the TypedArray is not detached.
template<typename T>
inline Value fast_typed_array_get_element(TypedArrayBase& typed_array, u32 index)
{
    Checked<u32> offset_into_array_buffer = index;
    offset_into_array_buffer *= sizeof(T);
    offset_into_array_buffer += typed_array.byte_offset();

    if (offset_into_array_buffer.has_overflow()) [[unlikely]] {
        return js_undefined();
    }

    auto const& array_buffer = *typed_array.viewed_array_buffer();
    auto const* slot = reinterpret_cast<T const*>(array_buffer.buffer().offset_pointer(offset_into_array_buffer.value()));
    return Value { *slot };
}

// NOTE: This function assumes that the index is valid within the TypedArray,
//       and that the TypedArray is not detached.
template<typename T>
inline void fast_typed_array_set_element(TypedArrayBase& typed_array, u32 index, T value)
{
    Checked<u32> offset_into_array_buffer = index;
    offset_into_array_buffer *= sizeof(T);
    offset_into_array_buffer += typed_array.byte_offset();

    if (offset_into_array_buffer.has_overflow()) [[unlikely]] {
        return;
    }

    auto& array_buffer = *typed_array.viewed_array_buffer();
    auto* slot = reinterpret_cast<T*>(array_buffer.buffer().offset_pointer(offset_into_array_buffer.value()));
    *slot = value;
}

static COLD Completion throw_null_or_undefined_property_get(VM& vm, Value base_value, Optional<IdentifierTableIndex> base_identifier, IdentifierTableIndex property_identifier, Executable const& executable)
{
    VERIFY(base_value.is_nullish());

    if (base_identifier.has_value())
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::ToObjectNullOrUndefinedWithPropertyAndName, executable.get_identifier(property_identifier), base_value, executable.get_identifier(base_identifier.value()));
    return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::ToObjectNullOrUndefinedWithProperty, executable.get_identifier(property_identifier), base_value);
}

static COLD Completion throw_null_or_undefined_property_get(VM& vm, Value base_value, Optional<IdentifierTableIndex> base_identifier, Value property, Executable const& executable)
{
    VERIFY(base_value.is_nullish());

    if (base_identifier.has_value())
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::ToObjectNullOrUndefinedWithPropertyAndName, property, base_value, executable.get_identifier(base_identifier.value()));
    return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::ToObjectNullOrUndefinedWithProperty, property, base_value);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE ThrowCompletionOr<GC::Ref<Object>> base_object_for_get(VM& vm, Value base_value, Optional<IdentifierTableIndex> base_identifier, IdentifierTableIndex property_identifier, Executable const& executable)
{
    if (auto base_object = base_object_for_get_impl(vm, base_value)) [[likely]]
        return GC::Ref { *base_object };

    // NOTE: At this point this is guaranteed to throw (null or undefined).
    return throw_null_or_undefined_property_get(vm, base_value, base_identifier, property_identifier, executable);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE ThrowCompletionOr<GC::Ref<Object>> base_object_for_get(VM& vm, Value base_value, Optional<IdentifierTableIndex> base_identifier, Value property, Executable const& executable)
{
    if (auto base_object = base_object_for_get_impl(vm, base_value)) [[likely]]
        return GC::Ref { *base_object };

    // NOTE: At this point this is guaranteed to throw (null or undefined).
    return throw_null_or_undefined_property_get(vm, base_value, base_identifier, property, executable);
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<Value> get_by_value(VM& vm, Optional<IdentifierTableIndex> base_identifier, Value base_value, Value property_key_value, Executable const& executable)
{
    // OPTIMIZATION: Fast path for simple Int32 indexes in array-like objects.
    if (base_value.is_object() && property_key_value.is_non_negative_int32()) {
        auto& object = base_value.as_object();
        auto index = static_cast<u32>(property_key_value.as_i32());

        // For "non-typed arrays":
        if (!object.may_interfere_with_indexed_property_access()
            && object.indexed_storage_kind() != IndexedStorageKind::None) {
            auto maybe_value = object.indexed_get(index);
            if (maybe_value.has_value()) {
                auto value = maybe_value->value;
                if (!value.is_accessor())
                    return value;
            }
        }

        // For typed arrays:
        if (object.is_typed_array()) {
            auto& typed_array = static_cast<TypedArrayBase&>(object);
            auto canonical_index = CanonicalIndex { CanonicalIndex::Type::Index, index };

            if (is_valid_integer_index(typed_array, canonical_index)) {
                switch (typed_array.kind()) {
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint8Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<u8>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint16Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<u16>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint32Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<u32>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int8Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<i8>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int16Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<i16>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int32Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<i32>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint8ClampedArray:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<u8>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Float16Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<f16>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Float32Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<float>(typed_array, index);
                case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Float64Array:
                    return fast_typed_array_get_element<double>(typed_array, index);
                default:
                    // FIXME: Support more TypedArray kinds.
                    break;
                }
            }

            switch (typed_array.kind()) {
#define __JS_ENUMERATE(ClassName, snake_name, PrototypeName, ConstructorName, Type) \
    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::ClassName:                                           \
        return typed_array_get_element<Type>(typed_array, canonical_index);
                JS_ENUMERATE_TYPED_ARRAYS
#undef __JS_ENUMERATE
            }
        }
    }

    auto object = TRY(base_object_for_get(vm, base_value, base_identifier, property_key_value, executable));

    auto property_key = TRY(property_key_value.to_property_key(vm));

    if (base_value.is_string()) {
        auto string_value = TRY(base_value.as_string().get(vm, property_key));
        if (string_value.has_value())
            return *string_value;
    }

    return TRY(object->internal_get(property_key, base_value));
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<Value> get_global(VM& vm, IdentifierTableIndex identifier_index, Strict strict, GlobalVariableCache& cache)
{
    auto& binding_object = vm.global_object();
    auto& declarative_record = vm.global_declarative_environment();

    auto& shape = binding_object.shape();
    if (cache.environment_serial_number == declarative_record.environment_serial_number()) {

        // OPTIMIZATION: For global var bindings, if the shape of the global object hasn't changed,
        //               we can use the cached property offset.
        if (&shape == cache.entries[0].shape && (!shape.is_dictionary() || shape.dictionary_generation() == cache.entries[0].shape_dictionary_generation)) {
            auto value = binding_object.get_direct(cache.entries[0].property_offset);
            if (value.is_accessor())
                return TRY(call(vm, value.as_accessor().getter(), &binding_object));
            return value;
        }

        // OPTIMIZATION: For global lexical bindings, if the global declarative environment hasn't changed,
        //               we can use the cached environment binding index.
        if (cache.has_environment_binding_index) {
            if (cache.in_module_environment) {
                auto module = vm.running_execution_context().script_or_module.get_pointer<GC::Ref<Module>>();
                return (*module)->environment()->get_binding_value_direct(vm, cache.environment_binding_index);
            }
            return declarative_record.get_binding_value_direct(vm, cache.environment_binding_index);
        }
    }

    cache.environment_serial_number = declarative_record.environment_serial_number();

    auto& identifier = vm.get_identifier(identifier_index);

    if (auto* module = vm.running_execution_context().script_or_module.get_pointer<GC::Ref<Module>>()) {
        // NOTE: GetGlobal is used to access variables stored in the module environment and global environment.
        //       The module environment is checked first since it precedes the global environment in the environment chain.
        auto& module_environment = *(*module)->environment();
        Optional<size_t> index;
        if (TRY(module_environment.has_binding(identifier, &index))) {
            if (index.has_value()) {
                cache.environment_binding_index = static_cast<u32>(index.value());
                cache.has_environment_binding_index = true;
                cache.in_module_environment = true;
                return TRY(module_environment.get_binding_value_direct(vm, index.value()));
            }
            return TRY(module_environment.get_binding_value(vm, identifier, true));
        }
    }

    Optional<size_t> offset;
    if (TRY(declarative_record.has_binding(identifier, &offset))) {
        cache.environment_binding_index = static_cast<u32>(offset.value());
        cache.has_environment_binding_index = true;
        cache.in_module_environment = false;
        return TRY(declarative_record.get_binding_value(vm, identifier, strict == Strict::Yes));
    }

    if (TRY(binding_object.has_property(identifier))) [[likely]] {
        CacheableGetPropertyMetadata cacheable_metadata;
        auto value = TRY(binding_object.internal_get(identifier, &binding_object, &cacheable_metadata));
        if (cacheable_metadata.type == CacheableGetPropertyMetadata::Type::GetOwnProperty) {
            cache.entries[0].shape = shape;
            cache.entries[0].property_offset = cacheable_metadata.property_offset.value();

            if (shape.is_dictionary()) {
                cache.entries[0].shape_dictionary_generation = shape.dictionary_generation();
            }
        }
        return value;
    }

    return vm.throw_completion<ReferenceError>(ErrorType::UnknownIdentifier, identifier);
}

static COLD Completion throw_type_error_for_callee(VM& vm, Value callee, StringView callee_type, Optional<StringTableIndex> const expression_string)
{

    if (expression_string.has_value())
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::IsNotAEvaluatedFrom, callee, callee_type, vm.current_executable().get_string(*expression_string));

    return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::IsNotA, callee, callee_type);
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<void> throw_if_needed_for_call(VM& vm, Value callee, Op::CallType call_type, Optional<StringTableIndex> const expression_string)
{
    if ((call_type == Op::CallType::Call || call_type == Op::CallType::DirectEval)
        && !callee.is_function()) [[unlikely]]
        return throw_type_error_for_callee(vm, callee, "function"sv, expression_string);
    if (call_type == Op::CallType::Construct && !callee.is_constructor()) [[unlikely]]
        return throw_type_error_for_callee(vm, callee, "constructor"sv, expression_string);
    return {};
}

inline Value new_function(VM& vm, u32 shared_function_data_index, Optional<Operand> const home_object)
{
    auto& shared_data = *vm.current_executable().shared_function_data[shared_function_data_index];
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();

    GC::Ref<Object> prototype = [&]() -> GC::Ref<Object> {
        switch (shared_data.m_kind) {
        case FunctionKind::Normal:
            return realm.intrinsics().function_prototype();
        case FunctionKind::Generator:
            return realm.intrinsics().generator_function_prototype();
        case FunctionKind::Async:
            return realm.intrinsics().async_function_prototype();
        case FunctionKind::AsyncGenerator:
            return realm.intrinsics().async_generator_function_prototype();
        }
        VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
    }();

    auto function = ECMAScriptFunctionObject::create_from_function_data(
        realm, shared_data,
        vm.lexical_environment(),
        vm.running_execution_context().private_environment,
        *prototype);

    if (home_object.has_value()) {
        auto home_object_value = vm.get(home_object.value());
        function->make_method(home_object_value.as_object());
    }

    return function;
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<void> put_by_value(VM& vm, Value base, Optional<Utf16FlyString const&> const base_identifier, Value property_key_value, Value value, PutKind kind, Strict strict)
{
    // OPTIMIZATION: Fast path for simple Int32 indexes in array-like objects.
    if (kind == PutKind::Normal
        && base.is_object() && property_key_value.is_non_negative_int32()) {
        auto& object = base.as_object();
        auto index = static_cast<u32>(property_key_value.as_i32());

        // For "non-typed arrays":
        if (!object.may_interfere_with_indexed_property_access()
            && object.indexed_storage_kind() != IndexedStorageKind::None
            && object.indexed_storage_kind() != IndexedStorageKind::Dictionary) {
            auto maybe_value = object.indexed_get(index);
            if (maybe_value.has_value()) {
                auto existing_value = maybe_value->value;
                if (!existing_value.is_accessor()) {
                    object.indexed_put(index, value);
                    return {};
                }
            }
        }

        // For typed arrays:
        if (object.is_typed_array()) {
            auto& typed_array = static_cast<TypedArrayBase&>(object);
            auto canonical_index = CanonicalIndex { CanonicalIndex::Type::Index, index };

            if (is_valid_integer_index(typed_array, canonical_index)) {
                if (value.is_int32()) {
                    switch (typed_array.kind()) {
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint8Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u8>(typed_array, index, static_cast<u8>(value.as_i32()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint16Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u16>(typed_array, index, static_cast<u16>(value.as_i32()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint32Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u32>(typed_array, index, static_cast<u32>(value.as_i32()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int8Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<i8>(typed_array, index, static_cast<i8>(value.as_i32()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int16Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<i16>(typed_array, index, static_cast<i16>(value.as_i32()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int32Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<i32>(typed_array, index, value.as_i32());
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint8ClampedArray:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u8>(typed_array, index, clamp(value.as_i32(), 0, 255));
                        return {};
                    default:
                        break;
                    }
                } else if (value.is_double()) {
                    switch (typed_array.kind()) {
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Float16Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<f16>(typed_array, index, static_cast<f16>(value.as_double()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Float32Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<float>(typed_array, index, static_cast<float>(value.as_double()));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Float64Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<double>(typed_array, index, value.as_double());
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int8Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<i8>(typed_array, index, MUST(value.to_i8(vm)));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int16Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<i16>(typed_array, index, MUST(value.to_i16(vm)));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Int32Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<i32>(typed_array, index, MUST(value.to_i32(vm)));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint8Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u8>(typed_array, index, MUST(value.to_u8(vm)));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint16Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u16>(typed_array, index, MUST(value.to_u16(vm)));
                        return {};
                    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint32Array:
                        fast_typed_array_set_element<u32>(typed_array, index, MUST(value.to_u32(vm)));
                        return {};
                    default:
                        break;
                    }
                }
                // FIXME: Support more TypedArray kinds.
            }

            if (typed_array.kind() == TypedArrayBase::Kind::Uint32Array && value.is_integral_number()) {
                auto integer = value.as_double();

                if (AK::is_within_range<u32>(integer) && is_valid_integer_index(typed_array, canonical_index)) {
                    fast_typed_array_set_element<u32>(typed_array, index, static_cast<u32>(integer));
                    return {};
                }
            }

            switch (typed_array.kind()) {
#define __JS_ENUMERATE(ClassName, snake_name, PrototypeName, ConstructorName, Type) \
    case TypedArrayBase::Kind::ClassName:                                           \
        return typed_array_set_element<Type>(typed_array, canonical_index, value);
                JS_ENUMERATE_TYPED_ARRAYS
#undef __JS_ENUMERATE
            }
            return {};
        }
    }

    auto property_key = TRY(property_key_value.to_property_key(vm));
    TRY(put_by_property_key(vm, base, base, value, base_identifier, property_key, kind, strict));
    return {};
}

struct CalleeAndThis {
    Value callee;
    Value this_value;
};

inline ThrowCompletionOr<CalleeAndThis> get_callee_and_this_from_environment(VM& vm, Utf16FlyString const& name, Strict strict, EnvironmentCoordinate& cache)
{

    Value callee = js_undefined();

    if (cache.is_valid()) [[likely]] {
        auto const* environment = vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment.ptr();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < cache.hops; ++i) {
            if (environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[unlikely]]
                goto slow_path;
            environment = environment->outer_environment();
        }
        if (!environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[likely]] {
            callee = TRY(static_cast<DeclarativeEnvironment const&>(*environment).get_binding_value_direct(vm, cache.index));
            auto this_value = js_undefined();
            if (auto base_object = environment->with_base_object()) [[unlikely]]
                this_value = base_object;
            return CalleeAndThis {
                .callee = callee,
                .this_value = this_value,
            };
        }
    slow_path:
        cache = {};
    }

    auto reference = TRY(vm.resolve_binding(name, strict));
    if (reference.environment_coordinate().has_value())
        cache = reference.environment_coordinate().value();

    callee = TRY(reference.get_value(vm));

    Value this_value;
    if (reference.is_property_reference()) {
        this_value = reference.get_this_value();
    } else {
        if (reference.is_environment_reference()) {
            if (auto base_object = reference.base_environment().with_base_object()) [[unlikely]]
                this_value = base_object;
        }
    }

    return CalleeAndThis {
        .callee = callee,
        .this_value = this_value,
    };
}

// 13.2.7.3 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation, https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-regular-expression-literals-runtime-semantics-evaluation
inline Value new_regexp(VM& vm, Utf16String pattern, Utf16String flags)
{
    // 1. Let pattern be CodePointsToString(BodyText of RegularExpressionLiteral).
    // 2. Let flags be CodePointsToString(FlagText of RegularExpressionLiteral).

    // 3. Return ! RegExpCreate(pattern, flags).
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();
    // NOTE: We bypass RegExpCreate and subsequently RegExpAlloc as an optimization to use the already parsed values.
    auto regexp_object = RegExpObject::create(realm, move(pattern), move(flags));
    // RegExpAlloc has these two steps from the 'Legacy RegExp features' proposal.
    regexp_object->set_realm(realm);
    // We don't need to check 'If SameValue(newTarget, thisRealm.[[Intrinsics]].[[%RegExp%]]) is true'
    // here as we know RegExpCreate calls RegExpAlloc with %RegExp% for newTarget.
    regexp_object->set_legacy_features_enabled(true);
    return regexp_object;
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<void> create_variable(VM& vm, Utf16FlyString const& name, Op::EnvironmentMode mode, bool is_global, bool is_immutable, bool is_strict)
{
    if (mode == Op::EnvironmentMode::Lexical) {
        VERIFY(!is_global);

        // Note: This is papering over an issue where "FunctionDeclarationInstantiation" creates these bindings for us.
        //       Instead of crashing in there, we'll just raise an exception here.
        if (TRY(vm.lexical_environment()->has_binding(name))) [[unlikely]]
            return vm.throw_completion<InternalError>(TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, String::formatted("Lexical environment already has binding '{}'", name)));

        if (is_immutable)
            return vm.lexical_environment()->create_immutable_binding(vm, name, is_strict);
        return vm.lexical_environment()->create_mutable_binding(vm, name, is_strict);
    }

    if (!is_global) {
        if (is_immutable)
            return vm.variable_environment()->create_immutable_binding(vm, name, is_strict);
        return vm.variable_environment()->create_mutable_binding(vm, name, is_strict);
    }

    // NOTE: CreateVariable with m_is_global set to true is expected to only be used in GlobalDeclarationInstantiation currently, which only uses "false" for "can_be_deleted".
    //       The only area that sets "can_be_deleted" to true is EvalDeclarationInstantiation, which is currently fully implemented in C++ and not in Bytecode.
    return as<GlobalEnvironment>(vm.variable_environment())->create_global_var_binding(name, false);
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<GC::Ref<Array>> iterator_to_array(VM& vm, Value iterator)
{
    auto& iterator_record = static_cast<IteratorRecord&>(iterator.as_cell());

    auto array = MUST(Array::create(*vm.current_realm(), 0));
    size_t index = 0;

    while (true) {
        auto value = TRY(iterator_step_value(vm, iterator_record));
        if (!value.has_value())
            return array;

        MUST(array->create_data_property_or_throw(index, value.release_value()));
        index++;
    }
}

inline ThrowCompletionOr<void> append(VM& vm, Value lhs, Value rhs, bool is_spread)
{
    // Note: This OpCode is used to construct array literals and argument arrays for calls,
    //       containing at least one spread element,
    //       Iterating over such a spread element to unpack it has to be visible by
    //       the user courtesy of
    //       (1) https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-runtime-semantics-arrayaccumulation
    //          SpreadElement : ... AssignmentExpression
    //              1. Let spreadRef be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
    //              2. Let spreadObj be ? GetValue(spreadRef).
    //              3. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(spreadObj).
    //              4. Repeat,
    //                  a. Let next be ? IteratorStep(iteratorRecord).
    //                  b. If next is false, return nextIndex.
    //                  c. Let nextValue be ? IteratorValue(next).
    //                  d. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(array, ! ToString(𝔽(nextIndex)), nextValue).
    //                  e. Set nextIndex to nextIndex + 1.
    //       (2) https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-runtime-semantics-argumentlistevaluation
    //          ArgumentList : ... AssignmentExpression
    //              1. Let list be a new empty List.
    //              2. Let spreadRef be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
    //              3. Let spreadObj be ? GetValue(spreadRef).
    //              4. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(spreadObj).
    //              5. Repeat,
    //                  a. Let next be ? IteratorStep(iteratorRecord).
    //                  b. If next is false, return list.
    //                  c. Let nextArg be ? IteratorValue(next).
    //                  d. Append nextArg to list.
    //          ArgumentList : ArgumentList , ... AssignmentExpression
    //             1. Let precedingArgs be ? ArgumentListEvaluation of ArgumentList.
    //             2. Let spreadRef be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
    //             3. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(? GetValue(spreadRef)).
    //             4. Repeat,
    //                 a. Let next be ? IteratorStep(iteratorRecord).
    //                 b. If next is false, return precedingArgs.
    //                 c. Let nextArg be ? IteratorValue(next).
    //                 d. Append nextArg to precedingArgs.

    // Note: We know from codegen, that lhs is a plain array with only indexed properties
    auto& lhs_array = lhs.as_array_exotic_object();
    auto lhs_size = lhs_array.indexed_array_like_size();

    if (is_spread) {
        // ...rhs
        size_t i = lhs_size;
        TRY(get_iterator_values(vm, rhs, [&i, &lhs_array](Value iterator_value) -> Optional<Completion> {
            lhs_array.indexed_put(i, iterator_value);
            ++i;
            return {};
        }));
    } else {
        lhs_array.indexed_put(lhs_size, rhs);
    }

    return {};
}

struct FastPropertyNameIteratorData {
    Vector<PropertyKey> properties;
    PropertyNameIterator::FastPath fast_path { PropertyNameIterator::FastPath::None };
    u32 indexed_property_count { 0 };
    bool receiver_has_magical_length_property { false };
    GC::Ptr<Shape> shape;
    GC::Ptr<PrototypeChainValidity> prototype_chain_validity;
};

static bool shape_has_enumerable_string_property(Shape const& shape)
{
    for (auto const& [property_key, metadata] : shape.property_table()) {
        if (property_key.is_string() && metadata.attributes.is_enumerable())
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}

static bool property_name_iterator_fast_path_is_still_eligible(Object& object, PropertyNameIterator::FastPath fast_path, u32 indexed_property_count)
{
    Object const* object_to_check = &object;
    bool is_receiver = true;

    while (object_to_check) {
        if (!object_to_check->eligible_for_own_property_enumeration_fast_path())
            return false;

        if (is_receiver) {
            if (fast_path == PropertyNameIterator::FastPath::PackedIndexed) {
                if (object_to_check->indexed_storage_kind() != IndexedStorageKind::Packed)
                    return false;
                if (object_to_check->indexed_array_like_size() != indexed_property_count)
                    return false;
            } else if (object_to_check->indexed_array_like_size() != 0) {
                return false;
            }
        } else if (object_to_check->indexed_array_like_size() != 0) {
            return false;
        }

        object_to_check = object_to_check->prototype();
        is_receiver = false;
    }

    return true;
}

static bool object_property_iterator_cache_matches(Object& object, ObjectPropertyIteratorCacheData const& cache)
{
    // A cache entry represents the fully flattened key snapshot for one bytecode
    // site. Reusing it is only valid while the receiver still has the same local
    // state and the prototype chain validity token says nothing above it changed.
    if (object.has_magical_length_property() != cache.receiver_has_magical_length_property())
        return false;

    auto& shape = object.shape();
    if (&shape != cache.shape())
        return false;

    if (shape.is_dictionary() && shape.dictionary_generation() != cache.shape_dictionary_generation())
        return false;

    if (cache.prototype_chain_validity() && !cache.prototype_chain_validity()->is_valid())
        return false;

    return property_name_iterator_fast_path_is_still_eligible(object, cache.fast_path(), cache.indexed_property_count());
}

static ThrowCompletionOr<Optional<FastPropertyNameIteratorData>> try_get_fast_property_name_iterator_data(Object& object)
{
    auto& vm = object.vm();
    FastPropertyNameIteratorData result {};
    result.fast_path = PropertyNameIterator::FastPath::PlainNamed;
    result.receiver_has_magical_length_property = object.has_magical_length_property();
    result.shape = &object.shape();

    HashTable<GC::Ref<Object>> seen_objects;
    size_t estimated_properties_count = 0;
    bool prototype_chain_has_enumerable_named_properties = false;
    for (auto object_to_check = GC::Ptr { &object }; object_to_check && !seen_objects.contains(*object_to_check); object_to_check = TRY(object_to_check->internal_get_prototype_of())) {
        seen_objects.set(*object_to_check);
        if (!object_to_check->eligible_for_own_property_enumeration_fast_path())
            return Optional<FastPropertyNameIteratorData> {};
        if (&object == object_to_check.ptr()) {
            if (object_to_check->indexed_array_like_size() != 0) {
                if (object_to_check->indexed_storage_kind() != IndexedStorageKind::Packed)
                    return Optional<FastPropertyNameIteratorData> {};
                result.fast_path = PropertyNameIterator::FastPath::PackedIndexed;
                result.indexed_property_count = object_to_check->indexed_array_like_size();
            } else {
                result.fast_path = PropertyNameIterator::FastPath::PlainNamed;
            }
        } else if (object_to_check->indexed_array_like_size() != 0) {
            // The fast path only knows how to synthesize a packed indexed prefix
            // for the receiver itself. As soon as indexed properties appear in
            // the prototype chain, we fall back to the generic enumeration path.
            return Optional<FastPropertyNameIteratorData> {};
        } else if (!prototype_chain_has_enumerable_named_properties) {
            prototype_chain_has_enumerable_named_properties = shape_has_enumerable_string_property(object_to_check->shape());
        }
        estimated_properties_count += object_to_check->shape().property_count();
    }
    seen_objects.clear_with_capacity();

    if (auto* prototype = object.shape().prototype()) {
        result.prototype_chain_validity = prototype->shape().prototype_chain_validity();
        if (!result.prototype_chain_validity)
            return Optional<FastPropertyNameIteratorData> {};
    }

    if (!prototype_chain_has_enumerable_named_properties) {
        // Common case: only the receiver contributes enumerable string keys, so
        // we can copy them straight from the shape without any shadowing work.
        result.properties.ensure_capacity(object.shape().property_count());
        for (auto const& [property_key, metadata] : object.shape().property_table()) {
            if (property_key.is_string() && metadata.attributes.is_enumerable())
                result.properties.append(property_key);
        }
        return result;
    }

    result.properties.ensure_capacity(estimated_properties_count);

    HashTable<PropertyKey> seen_non_enumerable_properties;
    Optional<HashTable<PropertyKey>> seen_properties;
    auto ensure_seen_properties = [&] {
        if (seen_properties.has_value())
            return;
        // Prototype shadowing ignores enumerability, so once we start looking
        // above the receiver we need an explicit visited set for names we have
        // already decided to expose from lower objects.
        seen_properties = HashTable<PropertyKey> {};
        seen_properties->ensure_capacity(result.properties.size());
        for (auto const& property : result.properties)
            seen_properties->set(property);
    };

    bool in_prototype_chain = false;
    for (auto object_to_check = GC::Ptr { &object }; object_to_check && !seen_objects.contains(*object_to_check); object_to_check = TRY(object_to_check->internal_get_prototype_of())) {
        seen_objects.set(*object_to_check);

        // Arrays keep a non-enumerable magical `length` property outside the shape
        // table, but it still shadows enumerable `length` properties higher up the
        // prototype chain during for-in.
        if (object_to_check->has_magical_length_property())
            seen_non_enumerable_properties.set(vm.names.length);

        for (auto const& [property_key, metadata] : object_to_check->shape().property_table()) {
            if (!property_key.is_string())
                continue;

            bool enumerable = metadata.attributes.is_enumerable();
            if (!enumerable)
                seen_non_enumerable_properties.set(property_key);
            if (in_prototype_chain && enumerable) {
                if (seen_non_enumerable_properties.contains(property_key))
                    continue;
                ensure_seen_properties();
                if (seen_properties->contains(property_key))
                    continue;
            }
            if (enumerable)
                result.properties.append(property_key);
            if (seen_properties.has_value())
                seen_properties->set(property_key);
        }
        in_prototype_chain = true;
    }

    return result;
}

// 14.7.5.9 EnumerateObjectProperties ( O ), https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-enumerate-object-properties
inline ThrowCompletionOr<GC::Ref<PropertyNameIterator>> get_object_property_iterator(VM& vm, Value value, ObjectPropertyIteratorCache* cache = nullptr)
{
    // While the spec does provide an algorithm, it allows us to implement it ourselves so long as we meet the following invariants:
    //    1- Returned property keys do not include keys that are Symbols
    //    2- Properties of the target object may be deleted during enumeration. A property that is deleted before it is processed by the iterator's next method is ignored
    //    3- If new properties are added to the target object during enumeration, the newly added properties are not guaranteed to be processed in the active enumeration
    //    4- A property name will be returned by the iterator's next method at most once in any enumeration.
    //    5- Enumerating the properties of the target object includes enumerating properties of its prototype, and the prototype of the prototype, and so on, recursively;
    //       but a property of a prototype is not processed if it has the same name as a property that has already been processed by the iterator's next method.
    //    6- The values of [[Enumerable]] attributes are not considered when determining if a property of a prototype object has already been processed.
    //    7- The enumerable property names of prototype objects must be obtained by invoking EnumerateObjectProperties passing the prototype object as the argument.
    //    8- EnumerateObjectProperties must obtain the own property keys of the target object by calling its [[OwnPropertyKeys]] internal method.
    //    9- Property attributes of the target object must be obtained by calling its [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method

    // Invariant 3 effectively allows the implementation to ignore newly added keys, and we do so (similar to other implementations).
    auto object = TRY(value.to_object(vm));
    // Note: While the spec doesn't explicitly require these to be ordered, it says that the values should be retrieved via OwnPropertyKeys,
    //       so we just keep the order consistent anyway.

    if (cache && cache->data) {
        if (object_property_iterator_cache_matches(*object, *cache->data)) {
            if (cache->reusable_property_name_iterator) {
                // We keep one iterator object per bytecode site alive so hot
                // loops can recycle it without allocating a new cell each time.
                auto& iterator = static_cast<PropertyNameIterator&>(*cache->reusable_property_name_iterator);
                cache->reusable_property_name_iterator = nullptr;
                iterator.reset_with_cache_data(object, *cache->data, cache);
                return iterator;
            }

            return PropertyNameIterator::create(vm.realm(), object, *cache->data, cache);
        }
    }

    if (auto fast_iterator_data = TRY(try_get_fast_property_name_iterator_data(*object)); fast_iterator_data.has_value()) {
        VERIFY(fast_iterator_data->shape);
        auto cache_data = vm.heap().allocate<ObjectPropertyIteratorCacheData>(
            vm,
            move(fast_iterator_data->properties),
            fast_iterator_data->fast_path,
            fast_iterator_data->indexed_property_count,
            fast_iterator_data->receiver_has_magical_length_property,
            *fast_iterator_data->shape,
            fast_iterator_data->prototype_chain_validity);
        if (cache)
            cache->data = cache_data;
        if (cache && cache->reusable_property_name_iterator) {
            auto& iterator = static_cast<PropertyNameIterator&>(*cache->reusable_property_name_iterator);
            cache->reusable_property_name_iterator = nullptr;
            iterator.reset_with_cache_data(object, cache_data, cache);
            return iterator;
        }

        return PropertyNameIterator::create(vm.realm(), object, cache_data, cache);
    }

    size_t estimated_properties_count = 0;
    HashTable<GC::Ref<Object>> seen_objects;
    for (auto object_to_check = GC::Ptr { object.ptr() }; object_to_check && !seen_objects.contains(*object_to_check); object_to_check = TRY(object_to_check->internal_get_prototype_of())) {
        seen_objects.set(*object_to_check);
        estimated_properties_count += object_to_check->own_properties_count();
    }
    seen_objects.clear_with_capacity();

    Vector<PropertyKey> properties;
    properties.ensure_capacity(estimated_properties_count);

    HashTable<PropertyKey> seen_non_enumerable_properties;
    Optional<HashTable<PropertyKey>> seen_properties;
    auto ensure_seen_properties = [&] {
        if (seen_properties.has_value())
            return;
        seen_properties = HashTable<PropertyKey> {};
        seen_properties->ensure_capacity(properties.size());
        for (auto const& property : properties)
            seen_properties->set(property);
    };

    // Collect all keys immediately (invariant no. 5)
    bool in_prototype_chain = false;
    for (auto object_to_check = GC::Ptr { object.ptr() }; object_to_check && !seen_objects.contains(*object_to_check); object_to_check = TRY(object_to_check->internal_get_prototype_of())) {
        seen_objects.set(*object_to_check);
        TRY(object_to_check->for_each_own_property_with_enumerability([&](PropertyKey const& property_key, bool enumerable) -> ThrowCompletionOr<void> {
            if (!enumerable)
                seen_non_enumerable_properties.set(property_key);
            if (in_prototype_chain && enumerable) {
                if (seen_non_enumerable_properties.contains(property_key))
                    return {};
                ensure_seen_properties();
                if (seen_properties->contains(property_key))
                    return {};
            }
            if (enumerable)
                properties.append(property_key);
            if (seen_properties.has_value())
                seen_properties->set(property_key);
            return {};
        }));
        in_prototype_chain = true;
    }

    return PropertyNameIterator::create(vm.realm(), object, move(properties));
}

ByteString Instruction::to_byte_string(Bytecode::Executable const& executable) const
{
#define __BYTECODE_OP(op)       \
    case Instruction::Type::op: \
        return static_cast<Bytecode::Op::op const&>(*this).to_byte_string_impl(executable);

    switch (type()) {
        ENUMERATE_BYTECODE_OPS(__BYTECODE_OP)
    default:
        VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
    }

#undef __BYTECODE_OP
}

}

namespace JS::Bytecode::Op {

#define JS_DEFINE_EXECUTE_FOR_COMMON_BINARY_OP(OpTitleCase, op_snake_case) \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> OpTitleCase::execute_impl(VM& vm) const        \
    {                                                                      \
        auto lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);                                          \
        auto rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);                                          \
        vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(op_snake_case(vm, lhs, rhs)) });         \
        return {};                                                         \
    }

JS_ENUMERATE_COMMON_BINARY_OPS_WITHOUT_FAST_PATH(JS_DEFINE_EXECUTE_FOR_COMMON_BINARY_OP)

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Add::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);

    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            if (!Checked<i32>::addition_would_overflow(lhs.as_i32(), rhs.as_i32())) [[likely]] {
                vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() + rhs.as_i32()));
                return {};
            }
            auto result = static_cast<i64>(lhs.as_i32()) + static_cast<i64>(rhs.as_i32());
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(result, Value::CannotFitInInt32::Indeed));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() + rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }

    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(add(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Mul::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);

    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            if (!Checked<i32>::multiplication_would_overflow(lhs.as_i32(), rhs.as_i32())) [[likely]] {
                auto lhs_i32 = lhs.as_i32();
                auto rhs_i32 = rhs.as_i32();
                auto result = lhs_i32 * rhs_i32;
                if (result != 0) [[likely]] {
                    vm.set(m_dst, Value(result));
                    return {};
                }
                // NB: When the mathematical result is zero, the sign depends on the operand
                // signs. We can determine it directly here instead of widening to double.
                auto is_negative_zero = (lhs_i32 < 0) != (rhs_i32 < 0);
                vm.set(m_dst, is_negative_zero ? Value(-0.0) : Value(0));
                return {};
            }
            auto result = static_cast<i64>(lhs.as_i32()) * static_cast<i64>(rhs.as_i32());
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(result, Value::CannotFitInInt32::Indeed));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() * rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }

    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(mul(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Div::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);

    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() / rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }

    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(div(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Mod::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);

    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            auto n = lhs.as_i32();
            auto d = rhs.as_i32();
            if (d == 0) {
                vm.set(m_dst, js_nan());
                return {};
            }
            if (n == NumericLimits<i32>::min() && d == -1) {
                vm.set(m_dst, Value(-0.0));
                return {};
            }
            auto result = n % d;
            if (result == 0 && n < 0) {
                vm.set(m_dst, Value(-0.0));
                return {};
            }
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(result));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(fmod(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double())));
        return {};
    }

    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(mod(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Sub::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);

    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            if (!Checked<i32>::subtraction_would_overflow(lhs.as_i32(), rhs.as_i32())) [[likely]] {
                vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() - rhs.as_i32()));
                return {};
            }
            auto result = static_cast<i64>(lhs.as_i32()) - static_cast<i64>(rhs.as_i32());
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(result, Value::CannotFitInInt32::Indeed));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() - rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }

    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(sub(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> BitwiseXor::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() ^ rhs.as_i32()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(bitwise_xor(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> BitwiseAnd::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() & rhs.as_i32()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(bitwise_and(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ToInt32::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const value = vm.get(m_value);
    if (value.is_int32()) [[likely]] {
        vm.set(m_dst, value);
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, Value(TRY(value.to_i32(vm))));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ToString::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(vm.get(m_value).to_primitive_string(vm)) });
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ToPrimitiveWithStringHint::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(vm.get(m_value).to_primitive(vm, Value::PreferredType::String)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> BitwiseOr::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() | rhs.as_i32()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(bitwise_or(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> UnsignedRightShift::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
        auto const shift_count = static_cast<u32>(rhs.as_i32()) % 32;
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(static_cast<u32>(lhs.as_i32()) >> shift_count));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(unsigned_right_shift(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> RightShift::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
        auto const shift_count = static_cast<u32>(rhs.as_i32()) % 32;
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() >> shift_count));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(right_shift(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> LeftShift::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
        auto const shift_count = static_cast<u32>(rhs.as_i32()) % 32;
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() << shift_count));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(left_shift(vm, lhs, rhs)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> LessThan::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() < rhs.as_i32()));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() < rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(less_than(vm, lhs, rhs)) });
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> LessThanEquals::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() <= rhs.as_i32()));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() <= rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(less_than_equals(vm, lhs, rhs)) });
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GreaterThan::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() > rhs.as_i32()));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() > rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(greater_than(vm, lhs, rhs)) });
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GreaterThanEquals::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const lhs = vm.get(m_lhs);
    auto const rhs = vm.get(m_rhs);
    if (lhs.is_number() && rhs.is_number()) [[likely]] {
        if (lhs.is_int32() && rhs.is_int32()) {
            vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_i32() >= rhs.as_i32()));
            return {};
        }
        vm.set(m_dst, Value(lhs.as_double() >= rhs.as_double()));
        return {};
    }
    vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(greater_than_equals(vm, lhs, rhs)) });
    return {};
}

void Typeof::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), vm.get(src()).typeof_(vm));
}

void Not::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), Value(!vm.get(src()).to_boolean()));
}

#define JS_DEFINE_COMMON_UNARY_OP(OpTitleCase, op_snake_case)       \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> OpTitleCase::execute_impl(VM& vm) const \
    {                                                               \
        vm.set(dst(), TRY(op_snake_case(vm, vm.get(src()))));       \
        return {};                                                  \
    }

JS_ENUMERATE_COMMON_UNARY_OPS(JS_DEFINE_COMMON_UNARY_OP)

void NewArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto array = MUST(Array::create(vm.realm(), m_element_count));
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_element_count; i++) {
        array->indexed_put(i, vm.get(m_elements[i]));
    }
    vm.set(dst(), array);
}

void NewPrimitiveArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto array = MUST(Array::create(vm.realm(), m_element_count));
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_element_count; i++)
        array->indexed_put(i, m_elements[i]);
    vm.set(dst(), array);
}

// 13.2.8.4 GetTemplateObject ( templateLiteral ), https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-gettemplateobject
void GetTemplateObject::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<TemplateObjectCache*>(m_cache);

    // 1. Let realm be the current Realm Record.
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();

    // 2. Let templateRegistry be realm.[[TemplateMap]].
    // 3. For each element e of templateRegistry, do
    //    a. If e.[[Site]] is the same Parse Node as templateLiteral, then
    //       i. Return e.[[Array]].
    if (cache.cached_template_object) {
        vm.set(dst(), cache.cached_template_object);
        return;
    }

    // 4. Let rawStrings be the TemplateStrings of templateLiteral with argument true.
    // 5. Assert: rawStrings is a List of Strings.
    // 6. Let cookedStrings be the TemplateStrings of templateLiteral with argument false.
    // NOTE: This has already been done.

    // 7. Let count be the number of elements in the List cookedStrings.
    // NOTE: m_strings contains [cooked_0, ..., cooked_n, raw_0, ..., raw_n]
    // 8. Assert: count ≤ 2**32 - 1.
    // NOTE: Done by having count be a u32.
    u32 count = m_strings_count / 2;

    // 9. Let template be ! ArrayCreate(count).
    auto template_object = MUST(Array::create(realm, count));

    // 10. Let rawObj be ! ArrayCreate(count).
    auto raw_object = MUST(Array::create(realm, count));

    // 12. Repeat, while index < count,
    for (size_t index = 0; index < count; index++) {
        // a. Let prop be ! ToString(𝔽(index)).
        // b. Let cookedValue be cookedStrings[index].
        auto cooked_value = vm.get(m_strings[index]);

        // c. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(template, prop, PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: cookedValue, [[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: true, [[Configurable]]: false }).
        template_object->indexed_put(index, cooked_value, Attribute::Enumerable);

        // d. Let rawValue be the String value rawStrings[index].
        auto raw_value = vm.get(m_strings[count + index]);

        // e. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(rawObj, prop, PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: rawValue, [[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: true, [[Configurable]]: false }).
        raw_object->indexed_put(index, raw_value, Attribute::Enumerable);

        // f. Set index to index + 1.
    }

    // 13. Perform ! SetIntegrityLevel(rawObj, FROZEN).
    MUST(raw_object->set_integrity_level(Object::IntegrityLevel::Frozen));

    // 14. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(template, "raw", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: rawObj, [[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
    template_object->define_direct_property(vm.names.raw, raw_object, PropertyAttributes {});

    // 15. Perform ! SetIntegrityLevel(template, FROZEN).
    MUST(template_object->set_integrity_level(Object::IntegrityLevel::Frozen));

    // 16. Append the Record { [[Site]]: templateLiteral, [[Array]]: template } to realm.[[TemplateMap]].
    cache.cached_template_object = template_object;

    // 17. Return template.
    vm.set(dst(), template_object);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> NewArrayWithLength::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto length = static_cast<u64>(vm.get(m_array_length).as_double());
    auto array = TRY(Array::create(vm.realm(), length));
    vm.set(m_dst, array);
    return {};
}

void AddPrivateName::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& name = vm.get_identifier(m_name);
    vm.running_execution_context().private_environment->add_private_name(name);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ArrayAppend::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return append(vm, vm.get(dst()), vm.get(src()), m_is_spread);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ImportCall::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto specifier = vm.get(m_specifier);
    auto options_value = vm.get(m_options);
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(perform_import_call(vm, specifier, options_value)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> IteratorToArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& iterator_object = vm.get(m_iterator_object).as_object();
    auto iterator_next_method = vm.get(m_iterator_next_method);
    auto iterator_done_property = vm.get(m_iterator_done_property).as_bool();
    IteratorRecordImpl iterator_record { .done = iterator_done_property, .iterator = iterator_object, .next_method = iterator_next_method };

    auto array = MUST(Array::create(*vm.current_realm(), 0));
    size_t index = 0;

    while (true) {
        auto value = TRY(iterator_step_value(vm, iterator_record));
        if (!value.has_value())
            break;

        MUST(array->create_data_property_or_throw(index, value.release_value()));
        index++;
    }

    vm.set(dst(), array);
    return {};
}

void NewObject::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();

    if (m_cache) {
        auto& cache = *bit_cast<ObjectShapeCache*>(m_cache);
        auto cached_shape = cache.shape.ptr();
        if (cached_shape) {
            vm.set(dst(), Object::create_with_premade_shape(*cached_shape));
            return;
        }
    }

    vm.set(dst(), Object::create(realm, realm.intrinsics().object_prototype()));
}

void NewObjectWithNoPrototype::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();
    vm.set(dst(), Object::create(realm, nullptr));
}

void CacheObjectShape::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<ObjectShapeCache*>(m_cache);
    if (!cache.shape) {
        auto& object = vm.get(m_object).as_object();
        if (!object.shape().is_dictionary())
            cache.shape = &object.shape();
    }
}

COLD static void init_object_literal_property_slow(Object& object, PropertyKey const& property_key, Value value, ObjectShapeCache& cache, u32 property_slot)
{
    object.define_direct_property(property_key, value, JS::Attribute::Enumerable | JS::Attribute::Writable | JS::Attribute::Configurable);

    // Cache the property offset for future fast-path use
    // Note: lookup may fail if the shape is in dictionary mode or for other edge cases.
    // We only cache if we're not in dictionary mode and the lookup succeeds.
    if (!object.shape().is_dictionary()) {
        auto metadata = object.shape().lookup(property_key);
        if (metadata.has_value()) {
            if (property_slot >= cache.property_offsets.size())
                cache.property_offsets.resize(property_slot + 1);
            cache.property_offsets[property_slot] = metadata->offset;
        }
    }
}

void InitObjectLiteralProperty::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& object = vm.get(m_object).as_object();
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto& cache = vm.current_executable().object_shape_caches[m_shape_cache_index];

    // Fast path: if we have a cached shape and it matches, write directly to the cached offset
    auto cached_shape = cache.shape.ptr();
    if (cached_shape && &object.shape() == cached_shape && m_property_slot < cache.property_offsets.size()) {
        object.put_direct(cache.property_offsets[m_property_slot], value);
        return;
    }

    auto const& property_key = vm.current_executable().get_property_key(m_property);
    init_object_literal_property_slow(object, property_key, value, cache, m_property_slot);
}

void NewRegExp::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(),
        new_regexp(
            vm,
            vm.current_executable().get_string(m_source_index),
            vm.current_executable().get_string(m_flags_index)));
}

COLD void NewReferenceError::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();
    vm.set(dst(), ReferenceError::create(realm, vm.current_executable().get_string(m_error_string)));
}

COLD void NewTypeError::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();
    vm.set(dst(), TypeError::create(realm, vm.current_executable().get_string(m_error_string)));
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CopyObjectExcludingProperties::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& realm = *vm.current_realm();

    auto from_object = vm.get(m_from_object);

    auto to_object = Object::create(realm, realm.intrinsics().object_prototype());

    HashTable<PropertyKey> excluded_names;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_excluded_names_count; ++i) {
        excluded_names.set(TRY(vm.get(m_excluded_names[i]).to_property_key(vm)));
    }

    TRY(to_object->copy_data_properties(vm, from_object, excluded_names));

    vm.set(dst(), to_object);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ConcatString::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto string = TRY(vm.get(src()).to_primitive_string(vm));
    vm.set(dst(), PrimitiveString::create(vm, vm.get(dst()).as_string(), string));
    return {};
}

enum class BindingIsKnownToBeInitialized {
    No,
    Yes,
};

template<BindingIsKnownToBeInitialized binding_is_known_to_be_initialized>
static ThrowCompletionOr<void> get_binding(VM& vm, Operand dst, IdentifierTableIndex identifier, Strict strict, EnvironmentCoordinate& cache)
{

    if (cache.is_valid()) [[likely]] {
        auto const* environment = vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment.ptr();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < cache.hops; ++i) {
            if (environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[unlikely]]
                goto slow_path;
            environment = environment->outer_environment();
        }
        if (!environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[likely]] {
            Value value;
            if constexpr (binding_is_known_to_be_initialized == BindingIsKnownToBeInitialized::No) {
                value = TRY(static_cast<DeclarativeEnvironment const&>(*environment).get_binding_value_direct(vm, cache.index));
            } else {
                value = static_cast<DeclarativeEnvironment const&>(*environment).get_initialized_binding_value_direct(cache.index);
            }
            vm.set(dst, value);
            return {};
        }
    slow_path:
        cache = {};
    }

    auto& executable = vm.current_executable();
    auto reference = TRY(vm.resolve_binding(executable.get_identifier(identifier), strict));
    if (reference.environment_coordinate().has_value())
        cache = reference.environment_coordinate().value();

    vm.set(dst, TRY(reference.get_value(vm)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return get_binding<BindingIsKnownToBeInitialized::No>(vm, m_dst, m_identifier, strict(), m_cache);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetInitializedBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return get_binding<BindingIsKnownToBeInitialized::Yes>(vm, m_dst, m_identifier, strict(), m_cache);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetCalleeAndThisFromEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto callee_and_this = TRY(get_callee_and_this_from_environment(
        vm,
        vm.get_identifier(m_identifier),
        strict(),
        m_cache));
    vm.set(m_callee, callee_and_this.callee);
    vm.set(m_this_value, callee_and_this.this_value);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetGlobal::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(get_global(vm, m_identifier, strict(), *bit_cast<GlobalVariableCache*>(m_cache))));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> SetGlobal::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& binding_object = vm.global_object();
    auto& declarative_record = vm.global_declarative_environment();

    auto& cache = *bit_cast<GlobalVariableCache*>(m_cache);
    auto& shape = binding_object.shape();
    auto src = vm.get(m_src);

    if (cache.environment_serial_number == declarative_record.environment_serial_number()) {
        // OPTIMIZATION: For global var bindings, if the shape of the global object hasn't changed,
        //               we can use the cached property offset.
        if (&shape == cache.entries[0].shape && (!shape.is_dictionary() || shape.dictionary_generation() == cache.entries[0].shape_dictionary_generation)) {
            auto value = binding_object.get_direct(cache.entries[0].property_offset);
            if (value.is_accessor())
                TRY(call(vm, value.as_accessor().setter(), &binding_object, src));
            else
                binding_object.put_direct(cache.entries[0].property_offset, src);
            return {};
        }

        // OPTIMIZATION: For global lexical bindings, if the global declarative environment hasn't changed,
        //               we can use the cached environment binding index.
        if (cache.has_environment_binding_index) {
            if (cache.in_module_environment) {
                auto module = vm.running_execution_context().script_or_module.get_pointer<GC::Ref<Module>>();
                TRY((*module)->environment()->set_mutable_binding_direct(vm, cache.environment_binding_index, src, strict() == Strict::Yes));
            } else {
                TRY(declarative_record.set_mutable_binding_direct(vm, cache.environment_binding_index, src, strict() == Strict::Yes));
            }
            return {};
        }
    }

    cache.environment_serial_number = declarative_record.environment_serial_number();

    auto& identifier = vm.get_identifier(m_identifier);

    if (auto* module = vm.running_execution_context().script_or_module.get_pointer<GC::Ref<Module>>()) {
        // NOTE: GetGlobal is used to access variables stored in the module environment and global environment.
        //       The module environment is checked first since it precedes the global environment in the environment chain.
        auto& module_environment = *(*module)->environment();
        Optional<size_t> index;
        if (TRY(module_environment.has_binding(identifier, &index))) {
            if (index.has_value()) {
                cache.environment_binding_index = static_cast<u32>(index.value());
                cache.has_environment_binding_index = true;
                cache.in_module_environment = true;
                return TRY(module_environment.set_mutable_binding_direct(vm, index.value(), src, strict() == Strict::Yes));
            }
            return TRY(module_environment.set_mutable_binding(vm, identifier, src, strict() == Strict::Yes));
        }
    }

    Optional<size_t> offset;
    if (TRY(declarative_record.has_binding(identifier, &offset))) {
        cache.environment_binding_index = static_cast<u32>(offset.value());
        cache.has_environment_binding_index = true;
        cache.in_module_environment = false;
        TRY(declarative_record.set_mutable_binding(vm, identifier, src, strict() == Strict::Yes));
        return {};
    }

    if (TRY(binding_object.has_property(identifier))) {
        CacheableSetPropertyMetadata cacheable_metadata;
        auto success = TRY(binding_object.internal_set(identifier, src, &binding_object, &cacheable_metadata));
        if (!success && strict() == Strict::Yes) [[unlikely]] {
            // Note: Nothing like this in the spec, this is here to produce nicer errors instead of the generic one thrown by Object::set().

            auto property_or_error = binding_object.internal_get_own_property(identifier);
            if (!property_or_error.is_error()) {
                auto property = property_or_error.release_value();
                if (property.has_value() && !property->writable.value_or(true)) {
                    return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::DescWriteNonWritable, identifier);
                }
            }
            return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::ObjectSetReturnedFalse);
        }
        if (cacheable_metadata.type == CacheableSetPropertyMetadata::Type::ChangeOwnProperty) {
            cache.entries[0].shape = shape;
            cache.entries[0].property_offset = cacheable_metadata.property_offset.value();

            if (shape.is_dictionary()) {
                cache.entries[0].shape_dictionary_generation = shape.dictionary_generation();
            }
        }
        return {};
    }

    auto reference = TRY(vm.resolve_binding(identifier, strict(), &declarative_record));
    TRY(reference.put_value(vm, src));

    return {};
}

COLD ThrowCompletionOr<void> DeleteVariable::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& string = vm.get_identifier(m_identifier);
    auto reference = TRY(vm.resolve_binding(string, strict()));
    vm.set(dst(), Value(TRY(reference.delete_(vm))));
    return {};
}

void CreateLexicalEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& parent = as<Environment>(vm.get(m_parent).as_cell());
    auto environment = new_declarative_environment(parent);
    environment->ensure_capacity(m_capacity);
    vm.set(m_dst, environment);
    vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment = environment;
}

void CreatePrivateEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& running_execution_context = vm.running_execution_context();
    auto outer_private_environment = running_execution_context.private_environment;
    running_execution_context.private_environment = new_private_environment(vm, outer_private_environment);
}

void CreateVariableEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& running_execution_context = vm.running_execution_context();
    auto var_environment = new_declarative_environment(*running_execution_context.lexical_environment);
    var_environment->ensure_capacity(m_capacity);
    running_execution_context.variable_environment = var_environment;
    running_execution_context.lexical_environment = var_environment;
}

COLD ThrowCompletionOr<void> EnterObjectEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto object = TRY(vm.get(m_object).to_object(vm));
    auto& old_environment = vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment;
    auto new_environment = new_object_environment(*object, true, old_environment);
    vm.set(m_dst, new_environment);
    vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment = new_environment;
    return {};
}

COLD void Catch::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.catch_exception(dst());
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CreateVariable::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& name = vm.get_identifier(m_identifier);
    return create_variable(vm, name, m_mode, m_is_global, m_is_immutable, m_is_strict);
}

void CreateRestParams::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const arguments = vm.running_execution_context().arguments_span();
    auto arguments_count = vm.running_execution_context().passed_argument_count;
    auto array = MUST(Array::create(vm.realm(), 0));
    for (size_t rest_index = m_rest_index; rest_index < arguments_count; ++rest_index)
        array->indexed_append(arguments[rest_index]);
    vm.set(m_dst, array);
}

void CreateArguments::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& function = vm.running_execution_context().function;
    auto const arguments = vm.running_execution_context().arguments_span();
    auto const& environment = vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment;

    auto passed_arguments = ReadonlySpan<Value> { arguments.data(), vm.running_execution_context().passed_argument_count };
    Object* arguments_object;
    if (m_kind == ArgumentsKind::Mapped) {
        auto const& ecma_function = static_cast<ECMAScriptFunctionObject const&>(*function);
        arguments_object = create_mapped_arguments_object(vm, *function, ecma_function.parameter_names_for_mapped_arguments(), passed_arguments, *environment);
    } else {
        arguments_object = create_unmapped_arguments_object(vm, passed_arguments);
    }

    if (m_dst.has_value()) {
        vm.set(*m_dst, arguments_object);
        return;
    }

    if (m_is_immutable) {
        MUST(environment->create_immutable_binding(vm, vm.names.arguments.as_string(), false));
    } else {
        MUST(environment->create_mutable_binding(vm, vm.names.arguments.as_string(), false));
    }
    MUST(environment->initialize_binding(vm, vm.names.arguments.as_string(), arguments_object, Environment::InitializeBindingHint::Normal));
}

template<EnvironmentMode environment_mode, BindingInitializationMode initialization_mode>
static ThrowCompletionOr<void> initialize_or_set_binding(VM& vm, IdentifierTableIndex identifier_index, Strict strict, Value value, EnvironmentCoordinate& cache)
{

    auto* environment = environment_mode == EnvironmentMode::Lexical
        ? vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment.ptr()
        : vm.running_execution_context().variable_environment.ptr();

    if (cache.is_valid()) [[likely]] {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < cache.hops; ++i) {
            if (environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[unlikely]]
                goto slow_path;
            environment = environment->outer_environment();
        }
        if (!environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[likely]] {
            if constexpr (initialization_mode == BindingInitializationMode::Initialize) {
                TRY(static_cast<DeclarativeEnvironment&>(*environment).initialize_binding_direct(vm, cache.index, value, Environment::InitializeBindingHint::Normal));
            } else {
                TRY(static_cast<DeclarativeEnvironment&>(*environment).set_mutable_binding_direct(vm, cache.index, value, strict == Strict::Yes));
            }
            return {};
        }
    slow_path:
        cache = {};
    }

    auto reference = TRY(vm.resolve_binding(vm.get_identifier(identifier_index), strict, environment));
    if (reference.environment_coordinate().has_value())
        cache = reference.environment_coordinate().value();
    if constexpr (initialization_mode == BindingInitializationMode::Initialize) {
        TRY(reference.initialize_referenced_binding(vm, value));
    } else if (initialization_mode == BindingInitializationMode::Set) {
        TRY(reference.put_value(vm, value));
    }
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> InitializeLexicalBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return initialize_or_set_binding<EnvironmentMode::Lexical, BindingInitializationMode::Initialize>(vm, m_identifier, strict(), vm.get(m_src), m_cache);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> InitializeVariableBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return initialize_or_set_binding<EnvironmentMode::Var, BindingInitializationMode::Initialize>(vm, m_identifier, strict(), vm.get(m_src), m_cache);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> SetLexicalBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return initialize_or_set_binding<EnvironmentMode::Lexical, BindingInitializationMode::Set>(vm, m_identifier, strict(), vm.get(m_src), m_cache);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> SetVariableBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return initialize_or_set_binding<EnvironmentMode::Var, BindingInitializationMode::Set>(vm, m_identifier, strict(), vm.get(m_src), m_cache);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetById::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto base_value = vm.get(base());
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<PropertyLookupCache*>(m_cache);

    vm.set(dst(), TRY(get_by_id<GetByIdMode::Normal>(vm, [&] { return vm.get_identifier(m_base_identifier); }, [&] -> PropertyKey const& { return vm.get_property_key(m_property); }, base_value, base_value, cache)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetByIdWithThis::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto base_value = vm.get(m_base);
    auto this_value = vm.get(m_this_value);
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<PropertyLookupCache*>(m_cache);
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(get_by_id<GetByIdMode::Normal>(vm, [] { return Optional<Utf16FlyString const&> {}; }, [&] -> PropertyKey const& { return vm.get_property_key(m_property); }, base_value, this_value, cache)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetLength::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto base_value = vm.get(base());
    auto& executable = vm.current_executable();
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<PropertyLookupCache*>(m_cache);
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(get_by_id<GetByIdMode::Length>(vm, [&] { return vm.get_identifier(m_base_identifier); }, [&] { return executable.get_property_key(*executable.length_identifier); }, base_value, base_value, cache)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetLengthWithThis::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto base_value = vm.get(m_base);
    auto this_value = vm.get(m_this_value);
    auto& executable = vm.current_executable();
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<PropertyLookupCache*>(m_cache);
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(get_by_id<GetByIdMode::Length>(vm, [] { return Optional<Utf16FlyString const&> {}; }, [&] -> PropertyKey const& { return executable.get_property_key(*executable.length_identifier); }, base_value, this_value, cache)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetPrivateById::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& name = vm.get_identifier(m_property);
    auto base_value = vm.get(m_base);
    auto private_reference = make_private_reference(vm, base_value, name);
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(private_reference.get_value(vm)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> HasPrivateId::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{

    auto base = vm.get(m_base);
    if (!base.is_object()) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::InOperatorWithObject);

    auto private_environment = vm.running_execution_context().private_environment;
    VERIFY(private_environment);
    auto private_name = private_environment->resolve_private_identifier(vm.get_identifier(m_property));
    vm.set(dst(), Value(base.as_object().private_element_find(private_name) != nullptr));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PutBySpread::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto base = vm.get(m_base);

    // a. Let baseObj be ? ToObject(V.[[Base]]).
    auto object = TRY(base.to_object(vm));

    TRY(object->copy_data_properties(vm, value, {}));

    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PutById::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto base = vm.get(m_base);
    auto const& base_identifier = vm.get_identifier(m_base_identifier);
    auto const& property_key = vm.get_property_key(m_property);
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<PropertyLookupCache*>(m_cache);
    TRY(put_by_property_key(vm, base, base, value, base_identifier, property_key, m_kind, strict(), &cache));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PutByIdWithThis::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto base = vm.get(m_base);
    auto const& name = vm.get_property_key(m_property);
    auto& cache = *bit_cast<PropertyLookupCache*>(m_cache);
    TRY(put_by_property_key(vm, base, vm.get(m_this_value), value, {}, name, m_kind, strict(), &cache));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PutPrivateById::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto object = TRY(vm.get(m_base).to_object(vm));
    auto const& name = vm.get_identifier(m_property);
    auto private_reference = make_private_reference(vm, object, name);
    TRY(private_reference.put_value(vm, value));
    return {};
}

COLD ThrowCompletionOr<void> DeleteById::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& property_key = vm.get_property_key(m_property);
    auto reference = Reference { vm.get(m_base), property_key, {}, strict() };
    vm.set(dst(), Value(TRY(reference.delete_(vm))));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ResolveThisBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& cached_this_value = vm.reg(Register::this_value());
    if (!cached_this_value.is_special_empty_value())
        return {};
    // OPTIMIZATION: Because the value of 'this' cannot be reassigned during a function execution, it's
    //               resolved once and then saved for subsequent use.
    auto& running_execution_context = vm.running_execution_context();
    if (auto function = running_execution_context.function; function && is<ECMAScriptFunctionObject>(*function) && !static_cast<ECMAScriptFunctionObject&>(*function).allocates_function_environment()) {
        cached_this_value = running_execution_context.this_value.value();
    } else {
        cached_this_value = TRY(vm.resolve_this_binding());
    }
    return {};
}

// https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-makesuperpropertyreference
ThrowCompletionOr<void> ResolveSuperBase::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{

    // 1. Let env be GetThisEnvironment().
    auto& env = as<FunctionEnvironment>(*get_this_environment(vm));

    // 2. Assert: env.HasSuperBinding() is true.
    VERIFY(env.has_super_binding());

    // 3. Let baseValue be ? env.GetSuperBase().
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(env.get_super_base()));

    return {};
}

void GetNewTarget::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), vm.get_new_target());
}

void GetImportMeta::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), vm.get_import_meta());
}

void GetLexicalEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment);
}

void SetLexicalEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment = &as<Environment>(vm.get(m_environment).as_cell());
}

template<CallType call_type>
NEVER_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<void> execute_call(
    VM& vm,
    Value callee,
    Value this_value,
    ReadonlySpan<Operand> arguments,
    Operand dst,
    Optional<StringTableIndex> const expression_string,
    Strict strict)
{
    TRY(throw_if_needed_for_call(vm, callee, call_type, expression_string));

    auto& function = callee.as_function();

    size_t registers_and_locals_count = 0;
    ReadonlySpan<Value> constants;
    size_t argument_count = arguments.size();
    function.get_stack_frame_info(registers_and_locals_count, constants, argument_count);

    auto& stack = vm.interpreter_stack();
    auto* stack_mark = stack.top();
    auto* callee_context = stack.allocate(registers_and_locals_count, constants, max(arguments.size(), argument_count));
    if (!callee_context) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<InternalError>(ErrorType::CallStackSizeExceeded);
    ScopeGuard deallocate_guard = [&stack, stack_mark] { stack.deallocate(stack_mark); };

    auto* callee_context_argument_values = callee_context->arguments_data();
    auto const callee_context_argument_count = callee_context->argument_count;
    auto const insn_argument_count = arguments.size();

    for (size_t i = 0; i < insn_argument_count; ++i)
        callee_context_argument_values[i] = vm.get(arguments.data()[i]);
    for (size_t i = insn_argument_count; i < callee_context_argument_count; ++i)
        callee_context_argument_values[i] = js_undefined();
    callee_context->passed_argument_count = insn_argument_count;

    Value retval;
    if (call_type == CallType::DirectEval && callee == vm.realm().intrinsics().eval_function()) {
        retval = TRY(perform_eval(vm, callee_context->argument_count > 0 ? callee_context->arguments_data()[0] : js_undefined(), strict == Strict::Yes ? CallerMode::Strict : CallerMode::NonStrict, EvalMode::Direct));
    } else if (call_type == CallType::Construct) {
        retval = TRY(function.internal_construct(*callee_context, function));
    } else {
        retval = TRY(function.internal_call(*callee_context, this_value));
    }
    vm.set(dst, retval);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Call::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return execute_call<CallType::Call>(vm, vm.get(m_callee), vm.get(m_this_value), { m_arguments, m_argument_count }, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict());
}

NEVER_INLINE ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallConstruct::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return execute_call<CallType::Construct>(vm, vm.get(m_callee), js_undefined(), { m_arguments, m_argument_count }, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict());
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallDirectEval::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return execute_call<CallType::DirectEval>(vm, vm.get(m_callee), vm.get(m_this_value), { m_arguments, m_argument_count }, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict());
}

template<Builtin builtin, typename Callback>
ALWAYS_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<void> execute_specialized_builtin_call(
    VM& vm,
    Operand callee_operand,
    Operand this_value_operand,
    ReadonlySpan<Operand> arguments,
    Operand dst,
    Optional<StringTableIndex> const expression_string,
    Strict strict,
    Callback callback)
{
    auto callee = vm.get(callee_operand);
    if (callee.is_function() && callee.as_function().builtin() == builtin) [[likely]] {
        vm.set(dst, TRY(callback(arguments)));
        return {};
    }
    return execute_call<CallType::Call>(vm, callee, vm.get(this_value_operand), arguments, dst, expression_string, strict);
}

#define JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(name, implementation)                                                                                                                                        \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallBuiltin##name::execute_impl(VM& vm) const                                                                                                                                      \
    {                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
        Operand arguments[] { m_argument };                                                                                                                                                                    \
        return execute_specialized_builtin_call<Builtin::name>(vm, m_callee, m_this_value, arguments, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict(), [&](ReadonlySpan<Operand> arguments) -> ThrowCompletionOr<Value> { \
            return implementation(vm, vm.get(arguments[0]));                                                                                                                                                   \
        });                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
    }

#define JS_DEFINE_BINARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(name, implementation)                                                                                                                                       \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallBuiltin##name::execute_impl(VM& vm) const                                                                                                                                      \
    {                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
        Operand arguments[] { m_argument0, m_argument1 };                                                                                                                                                      \
        return execute_specialized_builtin_call<Builtin::name>(vm, m_callee, m_this_value, arguments, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict(), [&](ReadonlySpan<Operand> arguments) -> ThrowCompletionOr<Value> { \
            return implementation(vm, vm.get(arguments[0]), vm.get(arguments[1]));                                                                                                                             \
        });                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
    }

#define JS_DEFINE_NULLARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(name, implementation)                                                                                                                     \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallBuiltin##name::execute_impl(VM& vm) const                                                                                                                     \
    {                                                                                                                                                                                         \
        return execute_specialized_builtin_call<Builtin::name>(vm, m_callee, m_this_value, {}, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict(), [&](ReadonlySpan<Operand>) -> ThrowCompletionOr<Value> { \
            return implementation();                                                                                                                                                          \
        });                                                                                                                                                                                   \
    }

#define JS_DEFINE_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(name, ...)                                                                     \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallBuiltin##name::execute_impl(VM& vm) const                                                          \
    {                                                                                                                              \
        return execute_call<CallType::Call>(vm, vm.get(m_callee), vm.get(m_this_value), {}, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict()); \
    }

#define JS_DEFINE_UNARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(name, ...)                                                                      \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallBuiltin##name::execute_impl(VM& vm) const                                                                 \
    {                                                                                                                                     \
        Operand arguments[] { m_argument };                                                                                               \
        return execute_call<CallType::Call>(vm, vm.get(m_callee), vm.get(m_this_value), arguments, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict()); \
    }

#define JS_DEFINE_BINARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(name, ...)                                                                     \
    ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallBuiltin##name::execute_impl(VM& vm) const                                                                 \
    {                                                                                                                                     \
        Operand arguments[] { m_argument0, m_argument1 };                                                                                 \
        return execute_call<CallType::Call>(vm, vm.get(m_callee), vm.get(m_this_value), arguments, m_dst, m_expression_string, strict()); \
    }

JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathAbs, MathObject::abs_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathLog, MathObject::log_impl)
JS_DEFINE_BINARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathPow, MathObject::pow_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathExp, MathObject::exp_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathCeil, MathObject::ceil_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathFloor, MathObject::floor_impl)
JS_DEFINE_BINARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathImul, MathObject::imul_impl)
JS_DEFINE_NULLARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathRandom, MathObject::random_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathRound, MathObject::round_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathSqrt, MathObject::sqrt_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathSin, MathObject::sin_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathCos, MathObject::cos_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MathTan, MathObject::tan_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(RegExpPrototypeExec)
JS_DEFINE_BINARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(RegExpPrototypeReplace)
JS_DEFINE_BINARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(RegExpPrototypeSplit)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(OrdinaryHasInstance)
JS_DEFINE_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(ArrayIteratorPrototypeNext)
JS_DEFINE_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(MapIteratorPrototypeNext)
JS_DEFINE_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(SetIteratorPrototypeNext)
JS_DEFINE_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(StringIteratorPrototypeNext)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(StringFromCharCode, StringConstructor::from_char_code_impl)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(StringPrototypeCharCodeAt)
JS_DEFINE_UNARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL(StringPrototypeCharAt)

#undef JS_DEFINE_BINARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL
#undef JS_DEFINE_UNARY_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL
#undef JS_DEFINE_GENERIC_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL
#undef JS_DEFINE_NULLARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL
#undef JS_DEFINE_BINARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL
#undef JS_DEFINE_UNARY_BUILTIN_CALL_EXECUTE_IMPL

template<CallType call_type>
NEVER_INLINE static ThrowCompletionOr<void> call_with_argument_array(
    VM& vm,
    Value callee,
    Value this_value,
    Value arguments,
    Operand dst,
    Optional<StringTableIndex> const expression_string,
    Strict strict)
{
    TRY(throw_if_needed_for_call(vm, callee, call_type, expression_string));

    auto& function = callee.as_function();

    auto& argument_array = arguments.as_array_exotic_object();
    auto argument_array_length = argument_array.indexed_array_like_size();

    size_t argument_count = argument_array_length;
    size_t registers_and_locals_count = 0;
    ReadonlySpan<Value> constants;
    function.get_stack_frame_info(registers_and_locals_count, constants, argument_count);

    auto& stack = vm.interpreter_stack();
    auto* stack_mark = stack.top();
    auto* callee_context = stack.allocate(registers_and_locals_count, constants, max(argument_array_length, argument_count));
    if (!callee_context) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<InternalError>(ErrorType::CallStackSizeExceeded);
    ScopeGuard deallocate_guard = [&stack, stack_mark] { stack.deallocate(stack_mark); };

    auto* callee_context_argument_values = callee_context->arguments_data();
    auto const callee_context_argument_count = callee_context->argument_count;
    auto const insn_argument_count = argument_array_length;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < insn_argument_count; ++i) {
        if (auto maybe_value = argument_array.indexed_get(i); maybe_value.has_value())
            callee_context_argument_values[i] = maybe_value.release_value().value;
        else
            callee_context_argument_values[i] = js_undefined();
    }
    for (size_t i = insn_argument_count; i < callee_context_argument_count; ++i)
        callee_context_argument_values[i] = js_undefined();
    callee_context->passed_argument_count = insn_argument_count;

    Value retval;
    if (call_type == CallType::DirectEval && callee == vm.realm().intrinsics().eval_function()) {
        retval = TRY(perform_eval(vm, callee_context->argument_count > 0 ? callee_context->arguments_data()[0] : js_undefined(), strict == Strict::Yes ? CallerMode::Strict : CallerMode::NonStrict, EvalMode::Direct));
    } else if (call_type == CallType::Construct) {
        retval = TRY(function.internal_construct(*callee_context, function));
    } else {
        retval = TRY(function.internal_call(*callee_context, this_value));
    }

    vm.set(dst, retval);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallWithArgumentArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return call_with_argument_array<CallType::Call>(vm, vm.get(callee()), vm.get(this_value()), vm.get(arguments()), dst(), expression_string(), strict());
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallDirectEvalWithArgumentArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return call_with_argument_array<CallType::DirectEval>(vm, vm.get(callee()), vm.get(this_value()), vm.get(arguments()), dst(), expression_string(), strict());
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CallConstructWithArgumentArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return call_with_argument_array<CallType::Construct>(vm, vm.get(callee()), js_undefined(), vm.get(arguments()), dst(), expression_string(), strict());
}

// 13.3.7.1 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation, https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-super-keyword-runtime-semantics-evaluation
ThrowCompletionOr<void> SuperCallWithArgumentArray::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{

    // 1. Let newTarget be GetNewTarget().
    auto new_target = vm.get_new_target();

    // 2. Assert: Type(newTarget) is Object.
    VERIFY(new_target.is_object());

    // 3. Let func be GetSuperConstructor().
    auto* func = get_super_constructor(vm);

    // NON-STANDARD: We're doing this step earlier to streamline control flow.
    // 5. If IsConstructor(func) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
    if (!Value(func).is_constructor()) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::NotAConstructor, "Super constructor");

    auto& function = static_cast<FunctionObject&>(*func);

    // 4. Let argList be ? ArgumentListEvaluation of Arguments.
    auto& argument_array = vm.get(m_arguments).as_array_exotic_object();
    size_t argument_array_length = 0;

    if (m_is_synthetic) {
        argument_array_length = MUST(length_of_array_like(vm, argument_array));
    } else {
        argument_array_length = argument_array.indexed_array_like_size();
    }

    size_t argument_count = argument_array_length;
    size_t registers_and_locals_count = 0;
    ReadonlySpan<Value> constants;
    function.get_stack_frame_info(registers_and_locals_count, constants, argument_count);

    auto& stack = vm.interpreter_stack();
    auto* stack_mark = stack.top();
    auto* callee_context = stack.allocate(registers_and_locals_count, constants, max(argument_array_length, argument_count));
    if (!callee_context) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<InternalError>(ErrorType::CallStackSizeExceeded);
    ScopeGuard deallocate_guard = [&stack, stack_mark] { stack.deallocate(stack_mark); };

    auto* callee_context_argument_values = callee_context->arguments_data();
    auto const callee_context_argument_count = callee_context->argument_count;
    auto const insn_argument_count = argument_array_length;

    if (m_is_synthetic) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < insn_argument_count; ++i)
            callee_context_argument_values[i] = argument_array.get_without_side_effects(PropertyKey { i });
    } else {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < insn_argument_count; ++i) {
            if (auto maybe_value = argument_array.indexed_get(i); maybe_value.has_value())
                callee_context_argument_values[i] = maybe_value.release_value().value;
            else
                callee_context_argument_values[i] = js_undefined();
        }
    }
    for (size_t i = insn_argument_count; i < callee_context_argument_count; ++i)
        callee_context_argument_values[i] = js_undefined();
    callee_context->passed_argument_count = insn_argument_count;

    // 6. Let result be ? Construct(func, argList, newTarget).
    auto result = TRY(function.internal_construct(*callee_context, new_target.as_function()));

    // 7. Let thisER be GetThisEnvironment().
    auto& this_environment = as<FunctionEnvironment>(*get_this_environment(vm));

    // 8. Perform ? thisER.BindThisValue(result).
    TRY(this_environment.bind_this_value(vm, result));

    // 9. Let F be thisER.[[FunctionObject]].
    auto& f = as<ECMAScriptFunctionObject>(this_environment.function_object());

    // 10. Assert: F is an ECMAScript function object.
    // NOTE: This is implied by the strong C++ type.

    // 11. Perform ? InitializeInstanceElements(result, F).
    TRY(result->initialize_instance_elements(f));

    // 12. Return result.
    vm.set(m_dst, result);
    return {};
}

void NewFunction::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), new_function(vm, m_shared_function_data_index, m_home_object));
}

void Return::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.do_return(vm.get(m_value));
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Increment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto old_value = vm.get(dst());

    // OPTIMIZATION: Fast path for Int32 values.
    if (old_value.is_int32()) [[likely]] {
        auto integer_value = old_value.as_i32();
        if (integer_value != NumericLimits<i32>::max()) [[likely]] {
            vm.set(dst(), Value { integer_value + 1 });
            return {};
        }
    }

    old_value = TRY(old_value.to_numeric(vm));

    if (old_value.is_number())
        vm.set(dst(), Value(old_value.as_double() + 1));
    else
        vm.set(dst(), BigInt::create(vm, old_value.as_bigint().big_integer().plus(Crypto::SignedBigInteger { 1 })));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PostfixIncrement::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto old_value = vm.get(m_src);

    // OPTIMIZATION: Fast path for Int32 values.
    if (old_value.is_int32()) [[likely]] {
        auto integer_value = old_value.as_i32();
        if (integer_value != NumericLimits<i32>::max()) [[likely]] {
            vm.set(m_dst, old_value);
            vm.set(m_src, Value { integer_value + 1 });
            return {};
        }
    }

    old_value = TRY(old_value.to_numeric(vm));
    vm.set(m_dst, old_value);

    if (old_value.is_number())
        vm.set(m_src, Value(old_value.as_double() + 1));
    else
        vm.set(m_src, BigInt::create(vm, old_value.as_bigint().big_integer().plus(Crypto::SignedBigInteger { 1 })));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> Decrement::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto old_value = vm.get(dst());

    old_value = TRY(old_value.to_numeric(vm));

    if (old_value.is_number())
        vm.set(dst(), Value(old_value.as_double() - 1));
    else
        vm.set(dst(), BigInt::create(vm, old_value.as_bigint().big_integer().minus(Crypto::SignedBigInteger { 1 })));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PostfixDecrement::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto old_value = vm.get(m_src);

    old_value = TRY(old_value.to_numeric(vm));
    vm.set(m_dst, old_value);

    if (old_value.is_number())
        vm.set(m_src, Value(old_value.as_double() - 1));
    else
        vm.set(m_src, BigInt::create(vm, old_value.as_bigint().big_integer().minus(Crypto::SignedBigInteger { 1 })));
    return {};
}

COLD ThrowCompletionOr<void> Throw::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return throw_completion(vm.get(src()));
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ThrowIfNotObject::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto src = vm.get(m_src);
    if (!src.is_object()) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::NotAnObject, src);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ThrowIfNullish::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    if (value.is_nullish()) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::NotObjectCoercible, value);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ThrowIfTDZ::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    if (value.is_special_empty_value()) [[unlikely]]
        return vm.throw_completion<ReferenceError>(ErrorType::BindingNotInitialized, value);
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ThrowConstAssignment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    return vm.throw_completion<TypeError>(ErrorType::InvalidAssignToConst);
}

void LeavePrivateEnvironment::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& running_execution_context = vm.running_execution_context();
    running_execution_context.private_environment = running_execution_context.private_environment->outer_environment();
}

void Yield::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto yielded_value = vm.get(m_value).is_special_empty_value() ? js_undefined() : vm.get(m_value);
    vm.do_return(
        vm.do_yield(yielded_value, m_continuation_label));
}

void Await::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto yielded_value = vm.get(m_argument).is_special_empty_value() ? js_undefined() : vm.get(m_argument);
    auto& context = vm.running_execution_context();
    context.yield_continuation = m_continuation_label.address();
    context.yield_is_await = true;
    vm.do_return(yielded_value);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetByValue::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(get_by_value(vm, m_base_identifier, vm.get(m_base), vm.get(m_property), vm.current_executable())));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetByValueWithThis::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto property_key_value = vm.get(m_property);
    auto object = TRY(vm.get(m_base).to_object(vm));
    auto property_key = TRY(property_key_value.to_property_key(vm));
    vm.set(dst(), TRY(object->internal_get(property_key, vm.get(m_this_value))));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PutByValue::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto base = vm.get(m_base);
    auto const& base_identifier = vm.get_identifier(m_base_identifier);
    auto property = vm.get(m_property);
    TRY(put_by_value(vm, base, base_identifier, property, value, m_kind, strict()));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> PutByValueWithThis::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto value = vm.get(m_src);
    auto base = vm.get(m_base);
    auto this_value = vm.get(m_this_value);
    auto property_key = TRY(vm.get(m_property).to_property_key(vm));
    TRY(put_by_property_key(vm, base, this_value, value, {}, property_key, m_kind, strict()));
    return {};
}

COLD ThrowCompletionOr<void> DeleteByValue::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto property_key = TRY(vm.get(m_property).to_property_key(vm));
    auto reference = Reference { vm.get(m_base), property_key, {}, strict() };
    vm.set(m_dst, Value(TRY(reference.delete_(vm))));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetIterator::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto iterator_record = TRY(get_iterator_impl(vm, vm.get(iterable()), m_hint));
    vm.set(m_dst_iterator_object, iterator_record.iterator);
    vm.set(m_dst_iterator_next, iterator_record.next_method);
    vm.set(m_dst_iterator_done, Value(iterator_record.done));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetMethod::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& property_key = vm.get_property_key(m_property);
    auto method = TRY(vm.get(m_object).get_method(vm, property_key));
    vm.set(dst(), method ?: js_undefined());
    return {};
}

NEVER_INLINE ThrowCompletionOr<void> GetObjectPropertyIterator::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto* cache = bit_cast<ObjectPropertyIteratorCache*>(m_cache);
    vm.set(m_dst_iterator, TRY(get_object_property_iterator(vm, vm.get(m_object), cache)));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> IteratorClose::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& iterator_object = vm.get(m_iterator_object).as_object();
    auto iterator_next_method = vm.get(m_iterator_next);
    auto iterator_done_property = vm.get(m_iterator_done).as_bool();
    IteratorRecordImpl iterator_record { .done = iterator_done_property, .iterator = iterator_object, .next_method = iterator_next_method };

    // FIXME: Return the value of the resulting completion.
    TRY(iterator_close(vm, iterator_record, Completion { m_completion_type, vm.get(m_completion_value) }));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> IteratorNext::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& iterator_object = vm.get(m_iterator_object).as_object();
    auto iterator_next_method = vm.get(m_iterator_next);
    auto iterator_done_property = vm.get(m_iterator_done).as_bool();
    IteratorRecordImpl iterator_record { .done = iterator_done_property, .iterator = iterator_object, .next_method = iterator_next_method };
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(JS::iterator_next(vm, iterator_record)));
    if (iterator_done_property)
        vm.set(m_iterator_done, Value(true));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> IteratorNextUnpack::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& iterator_object = vm.get(m_iterator_object).as_object();
    auto iterator_next_method = vm.get(m_iterator_next);
    auto iterator_done_property = vm.get(m_iterator_done).as_bool();
    IteratorRecordImpl iterator_record { .done = iterator_done_property, .iterator = iterator_object, .next_method = iterator_next_method };
    auto iteration_result_or_done = TRY(iterator_step(vm, iterator_record));
    if (iterator_done_property)
        vm.set(m_iterator_done, Value(true));
    if (iteration_result_or_done.has<IterationDone>()) {
        vm.set(m_dst_done, Value(true));
        return {};
    }
    auto& iteration_result = iteration_result_or_done.get<IterationResult>();
    vm.set(m_dst_done, TRY(iteration_result.done));
    vm.set(m_dst_value, TRY(iteration_result.value));
    return {};
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ObjectPropertyIteratorNext::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& iterator = static_cast<PropertyNameIterator&>(vm.get(m_iterator_object).as_object());
    Value value;
    bool done = false;
    TRY(iterator.next(vm, done, value));
    vm.set(m_dst_done, Value(done));
    if (!done)
        vm.set(m_dst_value, value);
    return {};
}

NEVER_INLINE ThrowCompletionOr<void> NewClass::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    Value super_class;
    if (m_super_class.has_value())
        super_class = vm.get(m_super_class.value());
    Vector<Value> element_keys;
    element_keys.ensure_capacity(m_element_keys_count);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_element_keys_count; ++i) {
        Value element_key;
        if (m_element_keys[i].has_value())
            element_key = vm.get(m_element_keys[i].value());
        element_keys.unchecked_append(element_key);
    }

    auto& running_execution_context = vm.running_execution_context();
    auto* class_environment = &as<Environment>(vm.get(m_class_environment).as_cell());
    auto& outer_environment = running_execution_context.lexical_environment;

    auto const& blueprint = vm.current_executable().class_blueprints[m_class_blueprint_index];

    Optional<Utf16FlyString> binding_name;
    Utf16FlyString class_name;
    if (!blueprint.has_name && m_lhs_name.has_value()) {
        class_name = vm.get_identifier(m_lhs_name.value());
    } else {
        class_name = blueprint.name;
        binding_name = class_name;
    }

    auto* retval = TRY(construct_class(vm, blueprint, vm.current_executable(), class_environment, outer_environment, super_class, element_keys, binding_name, class_name));
    vm.set(dst(), retval);
    return {};
}

// 13.5.3.1 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation, https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-typeof-operator-runtime-semantics-evaluation
ThrowCompletionOr<void> TypeofBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{

    if (m_cache.is_valid()) [[likely]] {
        auto const* environment = vm.running_execution_context().lexical_environment.ptr();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_cache.hops; ++i) {
            if (environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[unlikely]]
                goto slow_path;
            environment = environment->outer_environment();
        }
        if (!environment->is_permanently_screwed_by_eval()) [[likely]] {
            auto value = TRY(static_cast<DeclarativeEnvironment const&>(*environment).get_binding_value_direct(vm, m_cache.index));
            vm.set(dst(), value.typeof_(vm));
            return {};
        }
    slow_path:
        m_cache = {};
    }

    // 1. Let val be the result of evaluating UnaryExpression.
    auto reference = TRY(vm.resolve_binding(vm.get_identifier(m_identifier), strict()));

    // 2. If val is a Reference Record, then
    //    a. If IsUnresolvableReference(val) is true, return "undefined".
    if (reference.is_unresolvable()) {
        vm.set(dst(), PrimitiveString::create(vm, "undefined"_string));
        return {};
    }

    // 3. Set val to ? GetValue(val).
    auto value = TRY(reference.get_value(vm));

    if (reference.environment_coordinate().has_value())
        m_cache = reference.environment_coordinate().value();

    // 4. NOTE: This step is replaced in section B.3.6.3.
    // 5. Return a String according to Table 41.
    vm.set(dst(), value.typeof_(vm));
    return {};
}

void GetCompletionFields::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto const& completion_cell = static_cast<CompletionCell const&>(vm.get(m_completion).as_cell());
    vm.set(m_value_dst, completion_cell.completion().value());
    vm.set(m_type_dst, Value(to_underlying(completion_cell.completion().type())));
}

void SetCompletionType::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& completion_cell = static_cast<CompletionCell&>(vm.get(m_completion).as_cell());
    auto completion = completion_cell.completion();
    completion_cell.set_completion(Completion { m_completion_type, completion.value() });
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CreateImmutableBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& environment = as<Environment>(vm.get(m_environment).as_cell());
    return environment.create_immutable_binding(vm, vm.get_identifier(m_identifier), m_strict_binding);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CreateMutableBinding::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& environment = as<Environment>(vm.get(m_environment).as_cell());
    return environment.create_mutable_binding(vm, vm.get_identifier(m_identifier), m_can_be_deleted);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ToObject::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(m_dst, TRY(vm.get(m_value).to_object(vm)));
    return {};
}

void ToBoolean::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(m_dst, Value(vm.get(m_value).to_boolean()));
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> ToLength::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(m_dst, Value { TRY(vm.get(m_value).to_length(vm)) });
    return {};
}

void CreateAsyncFromSyncIterator::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& realm = vm.realm();

    auto& iterator = vm.get(m_iterator).as_object();
    auto next_method = vm.get(m_next_method);
    auto done = vm.get(m_done).as_bool();

    auto iterator_record = realm.create<IteratorRecord>(iterator, next_method, done);
    auto async_from_sync_iterator = create_async_from_sync_iterator(vm, iterator_record);

    auto iterator_object = Object::create(realm, nullptr);
    iterator_object->define_direct_property(vm.names.iterator, async_from_sync_iterator.iterator, default_attributes);
    iterator_object->define_direct_property(vm.names.nextMethod, async_from_sync_iterator.next_method, default_attributes);
    iterator_object->define_direct_property(vm.names.done, Value { async_from_sync_iterator.done }, default_attributes);

    vm.set(m_dst, iterator_object);
}

ThrowCompletionOr<void> CreateDataPropertyOrThrow::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    auto& object = vm.get(m_object).as_object();
    auto property = TRY(vm.get(m_property).to_property_key(vm));
    auto value = vm.get(m_value);
    TRY(object.create_data_property_or_throw(property, value));
    return {};
}

void IsCallable::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), Value(vm.get(value()).is_function()));
}

void IsConstructor::execute_impl(VM& vm) const
{
    vm.set(dst(), Value(vm.get(value()).is_constructor()));
}

}