msgpack-python/msgpack/fallback.py

"""Fallback pure Python implementation of msgpack"""

import struct
import sys
from datetime import datetime as _DateTime

if hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info"):
    from __pypy__ import newlist_hint
    from __pypy__.builders import BytesBuilder

    _USING_STRINGBUILDER = True

    class BytesIO:
        def __init__(self, s=b""):
            if s:
                self.builder = BytesBuilder(len(s))
                self.builder.append(s)
            else:
                self.builder = BytesBuilder()

        def write(self, s):
            if isinstance(s, memoryview):
                s = s.tobytes()
            elif isinstance(s, bytearray):
                s = bytes(s)
            self.builder.append(s)

        def getvalue(self):
            return self.builder.build()

else:
    from io import BytesIO

    _USING_STRINGBUILDER = False

    def newlist_hint(size):
        return []


from .exceptions import BufferFull, ExtraData, FormatError, OutOfData, StackError
from .ext import ExtType, Timestamp

EX_SKIP = 0
EX_CONSTRUCT = 1
EX_READ_ARRAY_HEADER = 2
EX_READ_MAP_HEADER = 3

TYPE_IMMEDIATE = 0
TYPE_ARRAY = 1
TYPE_MAP = 2
TYPE_RAW = 3
TYPE_BIN = 4
TYPE_EXT = 5

DEFAULT_RECURSE_LIMIT = 511


def _check_type_strict(obj, t, type=type, tuple=tuple):
    if type(t) is tuple:
        return type(obj) in t
    else:
        return type(obj) is t


def _get_data_from_buffer(obj):
    view = memoryview(obj)
    if view.itemsize != 1:
        raise ValueError("cannot unpack from multi-byte object")
    return view


def unpackb(packed, **kwargs):
    """
    Unpack an object from `packed`.

    Raises ``ExtraData`` when *packed* contains extra bytes.
    Raises ``ValueError`` when *packed* is incomplete.
    Raises ``FormatError`` when *packed* is not valid msgpack.
    Raises ``StackError`` when *packed* contains too nested.
    Other exceptions can be raised during unpacking.

    See :class:`Unpacker` for options.
    """
    unpacker = Unpacker(None, max_buffer_size=len(packed), **kwargs)
    unpacker.feed(packed)
    try:
        ret = unpacker._unpack()
    except OutOfData:
        raise ValueError("Unpack failed: incomplete input")
    except RecursionError:
        raise StackError
    if unpacker._got_extradata():
        raise ExtraData(ret, unpacker._get_extradata())
    return ret


_NO_FORMAT_USED = ""
_MSGPACK_HEADERS = {
    0xC4: (1, _NO_FORMAT_USED, TYPE_BIN),
    0xC5: (2, ">H", TYPE_BIN),
    0xC6: (4, ">I", TYPE_BIN),
    0xC7: (2, "Bb", TYPE_EXT),
    0xC8: (3, ">Hb", TYPE_EXT),
    0xC9: (5, ">Ib", TYPE_EXT),
    0xCA: (4, ">f"),
    0xCB: (8, ">d"),
    0xCC: (1, _NO_FORMAT_USED),
    0xCD: (2, ">H"),
    0xCE: (4, ">I"),
    0xCF: (8, ">Q"),
    0xD0: (1, "b"),
    0xD1: (2, ">h"),
    0xD2: (4, ">i"),
    0xD3: (8, ">q"),
    0xD4: (1, "b1s", TYPE_EXT),
    0xD5: (2, "b2s", TYPE_EXT),
    0xD6: (4, "b4s", TYPE_EXT),
    0xD7: (8, "b8s", TYPE_EXT),
    0xD8: (16, "b16s", TYPE_EXT),
    0xD9: (1, _NO_FORMAT_USED, TYPE_RAW),
    0xDA: (2, ">H", TYPE_RAW),
    0xDB: (4, ">I", TYPE_RAW),
    0xDC: (2, ">H", TYPE_ARRAY),
    0xDD: (4, ">I", TYPE_ARRAY),
    0xDE: (2, ">H", TYPE_MAP),
    0xDF: (4, ">I", TYPE_MAP),
}


class Unpacker:
    """Streaming unpacker.

    Arguments:

    :param file_like:
        File-like object having `.read(n)` method.
        If specified, unpacker reads serialized data from it and `.feed()` is not usable.

    :param int read_size:
        Used as `file_like.read(read_size)`. (default: `min(16*1024, max_buffer_size)`)

    :param bool use_list:
        If true, unpack msgpack array to Python list.
        Otherwise, unpack to Python tuple. (default: True)

    :param bool raw:
        If true, unpack msgpack raw to Python bytes.
        Otherwise, unpack to Python str by decoding with UTF-8 encoding (default).

    :param int timestamp:
        Control how timestamp type is unpacked:

            0 - Timestamp
            1 - float  (Seconds from the EPOCH)
            2 - int  (Nanoseconds from the EPOCH)
            3 - datetime.datetime  (UTC).

    :param bool strict_map_key:
        If true (default), only str or bytes are accepted for map (dict) keys.

    :param object_hook:
        When specified, it should be callable.
        Unpacker calls it with a dict argument after unpacking msgpack map.
        (See also simplejson)

    :param object_pairs_hook:
        When specified, it should be callable.
        Unpacker calls it with a list of key-value pairs after unpacking msgpack map.
        (See also simplejson)

    :param str unicode_errors:
        The error handler for decoding unicode. (default: 'strict')
        This option should be used only when you have msgpack data which
        contains invalid UTF-8 string.

    :param int max_buffer_size:
        Limits size of data waiting unpacked.  0 means 2**32-1.
        The default value is 100*1024*1024 (100MiB).
        Raises `BufferFull` exception when it is insufficient.
        You should set this parameter when unpacking data from untrusted source.

    :param int max_str_len:
        Deprecated, use *max_buffer_size* instead.
        Limits max length of str. (default: max_buffer_size)

    :param int max_bin_len:
        Deprecated, use *max_buffer_size* instead.
        Limits max length of bin. (default: max_buffer_size)

    :param int max_array_len:
        Limits max length of array.
        (default: max_buffer_size)

    :param int max_map_len:
        Limits max length of map.
        (default: max_buffer_size//2)

    :param int max_ext_len:
        Deprecated, use *max_buffer_size* instead.
        Limits max size of ext type.  (default: max_buffer_size)

    Example of streaming deserialize from file-like object::

        unpacker = Unpacker(file_like)
        for o in unpacker:
            process(o)

    Example of streaming deserialize from socket::

        unpacker = Unpacker()
        while True:
            buf = sock.recv(1024**2)
            if not buf:
                break
            unpacker.feed(buf)
            for o in unpacker:
                process(o)

    Raises ``ExtraData`` when *packed* contains extra bytes.
    Raises ``OutOfData`` when *packed* is incomplete.
    Raises ``FormatError`` when *packed* is not valid msgpack.
    Raises ``StackError`` when *packed* contains too nested.
    Other exceptions can be raised during unpacking.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        file_like=None,
        *,
        read_size=0,
        use_list=True,
        raw=False,
        timestamp=0,
        strict_map_key=True,
        object_hook=None,
        object_pairs_hook=None,
        list_hook=None,
        unicode_errors=None,
        max_buffer_size=100 * 1024 * 1024,
        ext_hook=ExtType,
        max_str_len=-1,
        max_bin_len=-1,
        max_array_len=-1,
        max_map_len=-1,
        max_ext_len=-1,
    ):
        if unicode_errors is None:
            unicode_errors = "strict"

        if file_like is None:
            self._feeding = True
        else:
            if not callable(file_like.read):
                raise TypeError("`file_like.read` must be callable")
            self.file_like = file_like
            self._feeding = False

        #: array of bytes fed.
        self._buffer = bytearray()
        #: Which position we currently reads
        self._buff_i = 0

        # When Unpacker is used as an iterable, between the calls to next(),
        # the buffer is not "consumed" completely, for efficiency sake.
        # Instead, it is done sloppily.  To make sure we raise BufferFull at
        # the correct moments, we have to keep track of how sloppy we were.
        # Furthermore, when the buffer is incomplete (that is: in the case
        # we raise an OutOfData) we need to rollback the buffer to the correct
        # state, which _buf_checkpoint records.
        self._buf_checkpoint = 0

        if not max_buffer_size:
            max_buffer_size = 2**31 - 1
        if max_str_len == -1:
            max_str_len = max_buffer_size
        if max_bin_len == -1:
            max_bin_len = max_buffer_size
        if max_array_len == -1:
            max_array_len = max_buffer_size
        if max_map_len == -1:
            max_map_len = max_buffer_size // 2
        if max_ext_len == -1:
            max_ext_len = max_buffer_size

        self._max_buffer_size = max_buffer_size
        if read_size > self._max_buffer_size:
            raise ValueError("read_size must be smaller than max_buffer_size")
        self._read_size = read_size or min(self._max_buffer_size, 16 * 1024)
        self._raw = bool(raw)
        self._strict_map_key = bool(strict_map_key)
        self._unicode_errors = unicode_errors
        self._use_list = use_list
        if not (0 <= timestamp <= 3):
            raise ValueError("timestamp must be 0..3")
        self._timestamp = timestamp
        self._list_hook = list_hook
        self._object_hook = object_hook
        self._object_pairs_hook = object_pairs_hook
        self._ext_hook = ext_hook
        self._max_str_len = max_str_len
        self._max_bin_len = max_bin_len
        self._max_array_len = max_array_len
        self._max_map_len = max_map_len
        self._max_ext_len = max_ext_len
        self._stream_offset = 0

        if list_hook is not None and not callable(list_hook):
            raise TypeError("`list_hook` is not callable")
        if object_hook is not None and not callable(object_hook):
            raise TypeError("`object_hook` is not callable")
        if object_pairs_hook is not None and not callable(object_pairs_hook):
            raise TypeError("`object_pairs_hook` is not callable")
        if object_hook is not None and object_pairs_hook is not None:
            raise TypeError("object_pairs_hook and object_hook are mutually exclusive")
        if not callable(ext_hook):
            raise TypeError("`ext_hook` is not callable")

    def feed(self, next_bytes):
        assert self._feeding
        view = _get_data_from_buffer(next_bytes)
        if len(self._buffer) - self._buff_i + len(view) > self._max_buffer_size:
            raise BufferFull

        # Strip buffer before checkpoint before reading file.
        if self._buf_checkpoint > 0:
            del self._buffer[: self._buf_checkpoint]
            self._buff_i -= self._buf_checkpoint
            self._buf_checkpoint = 0

        # Use extend here: INPLACE_ADD += doesn't reliably typecast memoryview in jython
        self._buffer.extend(view)
        view.release()

    def _consume(self):
        """Gets rid of the used parts of the buffer."""
        self._stream_offset += self._buff_i - self._buf_checkpoint
        self._buf_checkpoint = self._buff_i

    def _got_extradata(self):
        return self._buff_i < len(self._buffer)

    def _get_extradata(self):
        return self._buffer[self._buff_i :]

    def read_bytes(self, n):
        ret = self._read(n, raise_outofdata=False)
        self._consume()
        return ret

    def _read(self, n, raise_outofdata=True):
        # (int) -> bytearray
        self._reserve(n, raise_outofdata=raise_outofdata)
        i = self._buff_i
        ret = self._buffer[i : i + n]
        self._buff_i = i + len(ret)
        return ret

    def _reserve(self, n, raise_outofdata=True):
        remain_bytes = len(self._buffer) - self._buff_i - n

        # Fast path: buffer has n bytes already
        if remain_bytes >= 0:
            return

        if self._feeding:
            self._buff_i = self._buf_checkpoint
            raise OutOfData

        # Strip buffer before checkpoint before reading file.
        if self._buf_checkpoint > 0:
            del self._buffer[: self._buf_checkpoint]
            self._buff_i -= self._buf_checkpoint
            self._buf_checkpoint = 0

        # Read from file
        remain_bytes = -remain_bytes
        if remain_bytes + len(self._buffer) > self._max_buffer_size:
            raise BufferFull
        while remain_bytes > 0:
            to_read_bytes = max(self._read_size, remain_bytes)
            read_data = self.file_like.read(to_read_bytes)
            if not read_data:
                break
            assert isinstance(read_data, bytes)
            self._buffer += read_data
            remain_bytes -= len(read_data)

        if len(self._buffer) < n + self._buff_i and raise_outofdata:
            self._buff_i = 0  # rollback
            raise OutOfData

    def _read_header(self):
        typ = TYPE_IMMEDIATE
        n = 0
        obj = None
        self._reserve(1)
        b = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
        self._buff_i += 1
        if b & 0b10000000 == 0:
            obj = b
        elif b & 0b11100000 == 0b11100000:
            obj = -1 - (b ^ 0xFF)
        elif b & 0b11100000 == 0b10100000:
            n = b & 0b00011111
            typ = TYPE_RAW
            if n > self._max_str_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_str_len({self._max_str_len})")
            obj = self._read(n)
        elif b & 0b11110000 == 0b10010000:
            n = b & 0b00001111
            typ = TYPE_ARRAY
            if n > self._max_array_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_array_len({self._max_array_len})")
        elif b & 0b11110000 == 0b10000000:
            n = b & 0b00001111
            typ = TYPE_MAP
            if n > self._max_map_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_map_len({self._max_map_len})")
        elif b == 0xC0:
            obj = None
        elif b == 0xC2:
            obj = False
        elif b == 0xC3:
            obj = True
        elif 0xC4 <= b <= 0xC6:
            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            self._reserve(size)
            if len(fmt) > 0:
                n = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)[0]
            else:
                n = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
            self._buff_i += size
            if n > self._max_bin_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_bin_len({self._max_bin_len})")
            obj = self._read(n)
        elif 0xC7 <= b <= 0xC9:
            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            self._reserve(size)
            L, n = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
            self._buff_i += size
            if L > self._max_ext_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{L} exceeds max_ext_len({self._max_ext_len})")
            obj = self._read(L)
        elif 0xCA <= b <= 0xD3:
            size, fmt = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            self._reserve(size)
            if len(fmt) > 0:
                obj = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)[0]
            else:
                obj = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
            self._buff_i += size
        elif 0xD4 <= b <= 0xD8:
            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            if self._max_ext_len < size:
                raise ValueError(f"{size} exceeds max_ext_len({self._max_ext_len})")
            self._reserve(size + 1)
            n, obj = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
            self._buff_i += size + 1
        elif 0xD9 <= b <= 0xDB:
            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            self._reserve(size)
            if len(fmt) > 0:
                (n,) = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
            else:
                n = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
            self._buff_i += size
            if n > self._max_str_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_str_len({self._max_str_len})")
            obj = self._read(n)
        elif 0xDC <= b <= 0xDD:
            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            self._reserve(size)
            (n,) = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
            self._buff_i += size
            if n > self._max_array_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_array_len({self._max_array_len})")
        elif 0xDE <= b <= 0xDF:
            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
            self._reserve(size)
            (n,) = struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
            self._buff_i += size
            if n > self._max_map_len:
                raise ValueError(f"{n} exceeds max_map_len({self._max_map_len})")
        else:
            raise FormatError("Unknown header: 0x%x" % b)
        return typ, n, obj

    def _unpack(self, execute=EX_CONSTRUCT):
        typ, n, obj = self._read_header()

        if execute == EX_READ_ARRAY_HEADER:
            if typ != TYPE_ARRAY:
                raise ValueError("Expected array")
            return n
        if execute == EX_READ_MAP_HEADER:
            if typ != TYPE_MAP:
                raise ValueError("Expected map")
            return n
        # TODO should we eliminate the recursion?
        if typ == TYPE_ARRAY:
            if execute == EX_SKIP:
                for i in range(n):
                    # TODO check whether we need to call `list_hook`
                    self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
                return
            ret = newlist_hint(n)
            for i in range(n):
                ret.append(self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT))
            if self._list_hook is not None:
                ret = self._list_hook(ret)
            # TODO is the interaction between `list_hook` and `use_list` ok?
            return ret if self._use_list else tuple(ret)
        if typ == TYPE_MAP:
            if execute == EX_SKIP:
                for i in range(n):
                    # TODO check whether we need to call hooks
                    self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
                    self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
                return
            if self._object_pairs_hook is not None:
                ret = self._object_pairs_hook(
                    (self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT), self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)) for _ in range(n)
                )
            else:
                ret = {}
                for _ in range(n):
                    key = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
                    if self._strict_map_key and type(key) not in (str, bytes):
                        raise ValueError("%s is not allowed for map key" % str(type(key)))
                    if isinstance(key, str):
                        key = sys.intern(key)
                    ret[key] = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
                if self._object_hook is not None:
                    ret = self._object_hook(ret)
            return ret
        if execute == EX_SKIP:
            return
        if typ == TYPE_RAW:
            if self._raw:
                obj = bytes(obj)
            else:
                obj = obj.decode("utf_8", self._unicode_errors)
            return obj
        if typ == TYPE_BIN:
            return bytes(obj)
        if typ == TYPE_EXT:
            if n == -1:  # timestamp
                ts = Timestamp.from_bytes(bytes(obj))
                if self._timestamp == 1:
                    return ts.to_unix()
                elif self._timestamp == 2:
                    return ts.to_unix_nano()
                elif self._timestamp == 3:
                    return ts.to_datetime()
                else:
                    return ts
            else:
                return self._ext_hook(n, bytes(obj))
        assert typ == TYPE_IMMEDIATE
        return obj

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        try:
            ret = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
            self._consume()
            return ret
        except OutOfData:
            self._consume()
            raise StopIteration
        except RecursionError:
            raise StackError

    next = __next__

    def skip(self):
        self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
        self._consume()

    def unpack(self):
        try:
            ret = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
        except RecursionError:
            raise StackError
        self._consume()
        return ret

    def read_array_header(self):
        ret = self._unpack(EX_READ_ARRAY_HEADER)
        self._consume()
        return ret

    def read_map_header(self):
        ret = self._unpack(EX_READ_MAP_HEADER)
        self._consume()
        return ret

    def tell(self):
        return self._stream_offset


class Packer:
    """
    MessagePack Packer

    Usage::

        packer = Packer()
        astream.write(packer.pack(a))
        astream.write(packer.pack(b))

    Packer's constructor has some keyword arguments:

    :param default:
        When specified, it should be callable.
        Convert user type to builtin type that Packer supports.
        See also simplejson's document.

    :param bool use_single_float:
        Use single precision float type for float. (default: False)

    :param bool autoreset:
        Reset buffer after each pack and return its content as `bytes`. (default: True).
        If set this to false, use `bytes()` to get content and `.reset()` to clear buffer.

    :param bool use_bin_type:
        Use bin type introduced in msgpack spec 2.0 for bytes.
        It also enables str8 type for unicode. (default: True)

    :param bool strict_types:
        If set to true, types will be checked to be exact. Derived classes
        from serializable types will not be serialized and will be
        treated as unsupported type and forwarded to default.
        Additionally tuples will not be serialized as lists.
        This is useful when trying to implement accurate serialization
        for python types.

    :param bool datetime:
        If set to true, datetime with tzinfo is packed into Timestamp type.
        Note that the tzinfo is stripped in the timestamp.
        You can get UTC datetime with `timestamp=3` option of the Unpacker.

    :param str unicode_errors:
        The error handler for encoding unicode. (default: 'strict')
        DO NOT USE THIS!!  This option is kept for very specific usage.

    :param int buf_size:
        Internal buffer size. This option is used only for C implementation.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
        default=None,
        use_single_float=False,
        autoreset=True,
        use_bin_type=True,
        strict_types=False,
        datetime=False,
        unicode_errors=None,
        buf_size=None,
    ):
        self._strict_types = strict_types
        self._use_float = use_single_float
        self._autoreset = autoreset
        self._use_bin_type = use_bin_type
        self._buffer = BytesIO()
        self._datetime = bool(datetime)
        self._unicode_errors = unicode_errors or "strict"
        if default is not None and not callable(default):
            raise TypeError("default must be callable")
        self._default = default

    def _pack(
        self,
        obj,
        nest_limit=DEFAULT_RECURSE_LIMIT,
        check=isinstance,
        check_type_strict=_check_type_strict,
    ):
        default_used = False
        if self._strict_types:
            check = check_type_strict
            list_types = list
        else:
            list_types = (list, tuple)
        while True:
            if nest_limit < 0:
                raise ValueError("recursion limit exceeded")
            if obj is None:
                return self._buffer.write(b"\xc0")
            if check(obj, bool):
                if obj:
                    return self._buffer.write(b"\xc3")
                return self._buffer.write(b"\xc2")
            if check(obj, int):
                if 0 <= obj < 0x80:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", obj))
                if -0x20 <= obj < 0:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("b", obj))
                if 0x80 <= obj <= 0xFF:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("BB", 0xCC, obj))
                if -0x80 <= obj < 0:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bb", 0xD0, obj))
                if 0xFF < obj <= 0xFFFF:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xCD, obj))
                if -0x8000 <= obj < -0x80:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bh", 0xD1, obj))
                if 0xFFFF < obj <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xCE, obj))
                if -0x80000000 <= obj < -0x8000:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bi", 0xD2, obj))
                if 0xFFFFFFFF < obj <= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BQ", 0xCF, obj))
                if -0x8000000000000000 <= obj < -0x80000000:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bq", 0xD3, obj))
                if not default_used and self._default is not None:
                    obj = self._default(obj)
                    default_used = True
                    continue
                raise OverflowError("Integer value out of range")
            if check(obj, (bytes, bytearray)):
                n = len(obj)
                if n >= 2**32:
                    raise ValueError("%s is too large" % type(obj).__name__)
                self._pack_bin_header(n)
                return self._buffer.write(obj)
            if check(obj, str):
                obj = obj.encode("utf-8", self._unicode_errors)
                n = len(obj)
                if n >= 2**32:
                    raise ValueError("String is too large")
                self._pack_raw_header(n)
                return self._buffer.write(obj)
            if check(obj, memoryview):
                n = obj.nbytes
                if n >= 2**32:
                    raise ValueError("Memoryview is too large")
                self._pack_bin_header(n)
                return self._buffer.write(obj)
            if check(obj, float):
                if self._use_float:
                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bf", 0xCA, obj))
                return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bd", 0xCB, obj))
            if check(obj, (ExtType, Timestamp)):
                if check(obj, Timestamp):
                    code = -1
                    data = obj.to_bytes()
                else:
                    code = obj.code
                    data = obj.data
                assert isinstance(code, int)
                assert isinstance(data, bytes)
                L = len(data)
                if L == 1:
                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd4")
                elif L == 2:
                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd5")
                elif L == 4:
                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd6")
                elif L == 8:
                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd7")
                elif L == 16:
                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd8")
                elif L <= 0xFF:
                    self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BB", 0xC7, L))
                elif L <= 0xFFFF:
                    self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xC8, L))
                else:
                    self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xC9, L))
                self._buffer.write(struct.pack("b", code))
                self._buffer.write(data)
                return
            if check(obj, list_types):
                n = len(obj)
                self._pack_array_header(n)
                for i in range(n):
                    self._pack(obj[i], nest_limit - 1)
                return
            if check(obj, dict):
                return self._pack_map_pairs(len(obj), obj.items(), nest_limit - 1)

            if self._datetime and check(obj, _DateTime) and obj.tzinfo is not None:
                obj = Timestamp.from_datetime(obj)
                default_used = 1
                continue

            if not default_used and self._default is not None:
                obj = self._default(obj)
                default_used = 1
                continue

            if self._datetime and check(obj, _DateTime):
                raise ValueError(f"Cannot serialize {obj!r} where tzinfo=None")

            raise TypeError(f"Cannot serialize {obj!r}")

    def pack(self, obj):
        try:
            self._pack(obj)
        except:
            self._buffer = BytesIO()  # force reset
            raise
        if self._autoreset:
            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
            self._buffer = BytesIO()
            return ret

    def pack_map_pairs(self, pairs):
        self._pack_map_pairs(len(pairs), pairs)
        if self._autoreset:
            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
            self._buffer = BytesIO()
            return ret

    def pack_array_header(self, n):
        if n >= 2**32:
            raise ValueError
        self._pack_array_header(n)
        if self._autoreset:
            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
            self._buffer = BytesIO()
            return ret

    def pack_map_header(self, n):
        if n >= 2**32:
            raise ValueError
        self._pack_map_header(n)
        if self._autoreset:
            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
            self._buffer = BytesIO()
            return ret

    def pack_ext_type(self, typecode, data):
        if not isinstance(typecode, int):
            raise TypeError("typecode must have int type.")
        if not 0 <= typecode <= 127:
            raise ValueError("typecode should be 0-127")
        if not isinstance(data, bytes):
            raise TypeError("data must have bytes type")
        L = len(data)
        if L > 0xFFFFFFFF:
            raise ValueError("Too large data")
        if L == 1:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xd4")
        elif L == 2:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xd5")
        elif L == 4:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xd6")
        elif L == 8:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xd7")
        elif L == 16:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xd8")
        elif L <= 0xFF:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xc7" + struct.pack("B", L))
        elif L <= 0xFFFF:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xc8" + struct.pack(">H", L))
        else:
            self._buffer.write(b"\xc9" + struct.pack(">I", L))
        self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", typecode))
        self._buffer.write(data)

    def _pack_array_header(self, n):
        if n <= 0x0F:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", 0x90 + n))
        if n <= 0xFFFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xDC, n))
        if n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xDD, n))
        raise ValueError("Array is too large")

    def _pack_map_header(self, n):
        if n <= 0x0F:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", 0x80 + n))
        if n <= 0xFFFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xDE, n))
        if n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xDF, n))
        raise ValueError("Dict is too large")

    def _pack_map_pairs(self, n, pairs, nest_limit=DEFAULT_RECURSE_LIMIT):
        self._pack_map_header(n)
        for k, v in pairs:
            self._pack(k, nest_limit - 1)
            self._pack(v, nest_limit - 1)

    def _pack_raw_header(self, n):
        if n <= 0x1F:
            self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", 0xA0 + n))
        elif self._use_bin_type and n <= 0xFF:
            self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BB", 0xD9, n))
        elif n <= 0xFFFF:
            self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xDA, n))
        elif n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
            self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xDB, n))
        else:
            raise ValueError("Raw is too large")

    def _pack_bin_header(self, n):
        if not self._use_bin_type:
            return self._pack_raw_header(n)
        elif n <= 0xFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BB", 0xC4, n))
        elif n <= 0xFFFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xC5, n))
        elif n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xC6, n))
        else:
            raise ValueError("Bin is too large")

    def bytes(self):
        """Return internal buffer contents as bytes object"""
        return self._buffer.getvalue()

    def reset(self):
        """Reset internal buffer.

        This method is useful only when autoreset=False.
        """
        self._buffer = BytesIO()

    def getbuffer(self):
        """Return view of internal buffer."""
        if _USING_STRINGBUILDER:
            return memoryview(self.bytes())
        else:
            return self._buffer.getbuffer()